difference between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers

Ze-Shiang Lin, Email: moc.liamg@71nilyrret. They may have been co-opted to develop an evolutionary novelty. Is Archaeopteryx the first bird? J Anat 216:3-15. Thanks to Ralph Chapman and David Danze (Smithsonian Institution) for statistical advice and Marcy Heacker for literature searches. Among the up-regulated genes in the pennaceous portion compared to the plumulaceous portion of the body feather, the expression of genes involved in protein translation, oxidative phosphorylation, pyrimidine metabolism, ribosomal subunit, contractile fiber part, Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity was increased significantly (Table2). Among the 1,167 DEGs, 534 genes were up-regulated and 633 genes were down-regulated in the proximal flight feather in comparison to the distal flight feather (Fig. Chuong CM, Chen HM, Jiang TX, Chia J. Adhesion molecules in skin development: morphogenesis of feather and hair. Careers. Ozsolak F, Milos PM. (XLSX 12kb)Additional file 4: Table S3. Reports by Horton (1990) of microbiometric differences in geese and swans (Anserini), and qualitative observations of whistling-ducks (Dendrocygnini), suggest that there may also be microscopic differences in these tribes, thus this warrants further study. Lin SJ, Foley J, Jiang TX, Yeh CY, Wu P, Foley A, et al. Interactions between activators and inhibitors involving Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and BMP2 have been suggested to be involved in the formation of barb ridges in feathers [32]. J Cytol Histol 7:435. Yu-Ting Lai, Email: moc.liamg@7021dlawso. Differential expression in RNA-seq: a matter of depth. Distinguishing between ducks, geese, and swans by means of feather micro biometrics. Engineered cartilage reorganises fibre network. Growth of the mesodermal constituents and blood circulation in the pulp. CD44 expression marks the onset of keratinocyte stratification and mesenchymal maturation into fibrous dermis in fetal human skin. (51K, xls)Canonical pathways for cEB vs. cLB differentially expressed gene set. Shaping organs by a wingless-int/Notch/nonmuscle myosin module which orients feather bud elongation. (11K, xlsx)Positively selected and/or rapid evolving genes in avian lineages [29] that are expressed in all feather samples. Plumulaceous (downy) regions of a contour feather. Chi-Tang Mao, Email: wt.ude.acinis.etag@uammij. 7th ed. The Redhead and Ring-necked Duck also clustered near the Canvasback in full PCA. (a) cEB vs. cLB, (b) cEB vs. cEF, (c) cEF vs. cMF, and (d) cMF vs. cLF. The feather microstructure of passerine sparrows in China. A phylogenetic analysis testing these characters among groups within the Anseriformes is needed to clarify homoplasy and phylogenetic signal, but this study clearly shows that diving ducks (Aythyini and Mergini) have similar microscopic feather characters among taxa and are diagnostically distinct from most dabbling ducks (Anatini). What are the two types of pennaceous feathers? 1. what are contour feathers. Values are reported as means SD. IPA canonical pathway analysis showed that these DEGs included several genes involved in the Sertoli cell-Sertoli cell junction signaling (PVRL1, TJP1, TUBB3, CLDN3, CLDN4, CGN, TUBB4B, RAB8B, PRKAR1A, MAP3K1, TUBA1B, MAPK1, TUBA4A, TJP3) and in the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway (FGFR2, FGFR3, EGFR, PDGFD, PARD6A, JAG1, CLDN3, SMAD2, FZD2, JAK1, PYGO2, HIF1A, MAPK1, WNT6, HMGA2) (Fig. The complex structure of feathers allows for various types of morphological changes to occur. Many candidate genes were identified for growth control, morphogenesis, or the differentiation of specific structures of different feather types. General descriptive statistics for the five feather microcharacters among the eighteen species examined are given in Table 1 and grouped according to foraging habits (dabbling, diving, and sea ducks) in Table 2. 2019. These types of empirical investigations are necessary precursors for more speculative investigations, such as those concerning the functional significance of microscopic feather characters of birds adapted to different ecological environments (Lei et al. Chen CF, Foley J, Tang PC, Li A, Jiang TX, Wu P, et al. and transmitted securely. Ornithology: Feathers Flashcards | Quizlet The spinous barbules were characteristic of pennaceous feathers. PW assisted CNS on the developmental timing of feather follicle analyses. (a) Morphology of body (left) and flight feathers (right). All rights reserved. For RT-qPCR, 1l of 10 diluted cDNA products was quantified with 2SYBR Green Master Mix (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, MA) in a total of 10 ul reaction and performed on a Roche LightCycler 480 Instrument II. Harris MP, Williamson S, Fallon JF, Meinhardt H, Prum RO. (B) Silky-feather bird. Several candidate genes have been found to be involved in feather formation [13]. 4a, Additional file 6: Table S5). Technically speaking, as discussed under Feather Anatomy 101, a marabou feather, though strictly a plumulaceous feather, is also a vaned feather. The molecular and developmental mechanisms that produce the diversification of feather are still poorly understood. Chang KW, Huang NA, Liu IH, Wang YH, Wu P, Tseng YT, et al. This study of microscopic feather characters provides quantitative evidence that deeply diving species lack the density of expanded nodes that is observed in dabbling and shallow-diving ducks. SnapShot: Branching Morphogenesis. Functional annotations of gene loci were compared with the complete genome using annotations from the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Discovery (DAVID), which uses fuzzy clustering to group genes into functionally related classes based on the similarity of their annotations [84, 85]. 1984, Brom 1991, Dove 1997). Molecular biology of feather morphogenesis: a testable model for evo-devo research. The expression levels of WNT ligands such as WNT5A/WNT5B/WNT6 were found to be high in the feather epithelium and pulp compared to dermal papillae [56]. Yuan-An Sha, Email: wt.moc.oohay@9190ahsahs. YAS, TCT, CFC provided chickens for feather samples. 5, Additional file 13: Table S12). Other pathways basically overlap with the TGF- signaling pathway (Fig. We measured the following five plumulaceous feather characters in this study: Although diving ducks typically have expanded, triangular-shaped nodes that are morphologically similar to those of other Anseriformes, they may lack these expanded nodes on some barbules within a single plumulaceous barb. Redheads are shallow feeders Woodin and Michot (2002) and Ring-necked Ducks feed by making shallow dives and tipping up in water at depths generally less than 1.5 m Hohman and Eberhardt (1998). Plumbous . What is the difference between yoghurt and yogurt? Avian skin development and the evolutionary origin of feathers. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that samples from the same group clustered together (Fig. Effects of retinoic acid and Gbx1 on feather-bud formation and epidermal transdifferentiation in chick embryonic cultured dorsal skin. Also called oxidation state. The calamus is hollow and has pith formed from the dry remains of the feather pulp, and the calamus opens below by an inferior umbilicus and above by a superior umbilicus. A., The other three feathers, semiplume, filoplume, and bristle, are not as common, but still useful to birds. Abdel-Maksoud FM, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Soliman SA. We compared the gene expression patterns in different types of feathers and different portions of a feather and identified morphotype-specific gene expression patterns. Yue Z, Jiang TX, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. The genes identified in the GO enrichment analysis of the most abundant transcripts in these samples are involved in protein translation, reflecting the rapid production of a protein-made structure (Fig. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. State-dependent signaling by Cav1.2 regulates hair follicle stem cell function by regulating the production of the bulge-derived BMP inhibitor follistatin-like1 (FSTL1), derepressing stem cell quiescence [71, 72]. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) is expressed in human hair follicle dermal papilla and plays a specific role in the local modulation of IGF action during the hair growth cycle [55]. A preliminary scanning electron microscope study of the minute morphological features of feathers and their taxonomic significance. To validate the expression data obtained by RNA-Seq, ten genes were selected from the differentially expressed protein-coding genes to perform real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays. Two receptors of BMPs were differentially expressed. Seven to ten downy barbs were removed from the contour breast feathers of 815 museum specimens (Smithsonian Institution) of males in breeding plumage for each species. This article about ornithology is a stub. Fischers exact test was employed to calculate the p-value which determines the probability that each biological function or/and canonical pathway is due to chance alone. Among these genes, TP63, a transcription factor of the p53 family, is known to be essential for the development of epidermis and its derivatives in vertebrates [33, 34]. In addition, radial, bilateral symmetric, and asymmetric branching patterns are formed by modulating basal branching circuit that is involved the WNT3A gradient and SPRY. A cis-Regulatory Mutation of PDSS2 Causes Silky-Feather in Chickens Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Photomicrographs were made and adjusted using ProgRes C12 Jenoptik (2004), Auto-Montage Essentials Syncroscopy (2006), and Adobe Photoshop CS2 version 9 Adobe Systems (2005) software. Species were also grouped according to tribe and plotted against the character that quantified the number of expanded nodes per barbule because this character had the highest component loading in PCA. Additional file 1: Figure S1. C.S.N. 2014 [28]. SRX528281, SRX528834, SRX528843, SRX529337, SRX529339, SRX529353-SRX529362. Oshlack A, Robinson MD, Young MD. Un anlisis posterior sobre la densidad de los nodos en todos los taxones demostr que conforme la profundidad de inmersin aumenta, el nmero de nodos expandidos por brbula decrece; en el caso de los zambullidores de profundidad, muchas de las brbulas carecieron completamente de nodos expandidos. Genes involved in axon guidance (MYL4, CDK5, SEMA4B, PRKAR1A, NFATC3, PLXNA1, PLXNB2, ARPC4, NRP1, MAPK1, WNT6, PRKCI, RASA1, ECE2, SEMA5A) from IPA pathway analysis (Fig. The diving ducks (Aythyini and Mergini) averaged fewer than two expanded nodes per barbule, whereas dabbling species (Anatini) averaged nearly three expanded nodes per barbule. * and ** indicate statistically significant habitat differences at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 levels, respectively (see Table 1 and the Supporting . The up-regulation of genes in these groups may be due to the need of large quantities of protein synthesis in the pennaceous portion of the body feather. Common morphological stages and a similar set of developmental regulations are shared by these tissues. what is the difference between pennaceous and plumulaceous Pennaceous is the portion of the vane that is flat and has define shape and plumulaceous is the portion of the vane for which the loose, fluffy barbs are not structured into flat vanes Figure 1. Morphological and Histochemical Description of Quail Feather Ainsworth SJ, Stanley RL, Evans DJ. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The results of this study pose interesting questions concerning the morphology of some downy feather characters and suggest that microscopic feather characters of ducks have functional significance. Which direction do I watch the Perseid meteor shower? Chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Yu M, Yue Z, Wu P, Wu DY, Mayer JA, Medina M, et al. Bioinformatic analyses are used to identify genes associated with feather and scale differences [27]. Among the 1,287 DEGs between pennaceous body and flight feathers, 988 were up-regulated and 299 genes were down-regulated in the pennaceous body feather (Fig. (XLSX 86kb)Additional file 9: Table S8. Table of mapped reads to Galgal4 transcripts for all 15 data sets. (270K, pdf)The feather samples used in this study. Reidy K, Tufro A. Semaphorins in kidney development and disease: modulators of ureteric bud branching, vascular morphogenesis, and podocyte-endothelial crosstalk. Transcriptomic analyses of regenerating adult feathers in chicken Diving species have fewer expanded nodes, less buoyant plumage, and are more efficient at foraging in deeper water than dabbling ducks. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 3;10(1):18907. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75677-3. Contour and flight feathers are pennaceous vaned feathers and are accepted as vaned feathers, where that plumulaceous feathers generally are not. Body feather total length is shorter in aquatic than in terrestrial birds, and this difference between groups is due to the shorter plumulaceous feather section in aquatic birds. Prum RO. CLR/RAMP2-overexpressing mice revealed a defined phenotype with thinning of the hair during postnatal development [73]. Although this study focused on differences between the dabbling and diving tribes, two species of sea ducks (Mergini), Black Scoter (Melanitta nigra) and Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), were examined for comparison of feather characters in closely allied but distinct taxonomic groups. EXAM 1 Flashcards | Chegg.com Gene expression level in five comparisons. X-axis and Y-axis plots gene expression counts after FPKM quantification in comparison. Definition of plumulaceous : relating to or like a plumule. RNA sequencing: advances, challenges and opportunities. Moreover, the basal branch pattern is formed by differential cell death and regulated by NCAM, SHH, and caspase. Venn diagram showing the genes expressed in each of the five feather tissue types. PMID: 31581344 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24276 Abstract The current study investigated the macroscopic and microscopic differences between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers. A phylogenetic comparative analysis reveals correlations between body Giambernardi TA, Rodeck U, Klebe RJ. PDF Quantification of Microscopic Feather Characters Used in the Most of these rapidly evolving and/or positively selected genes are enriched for cytoskeleton and cell adhesion. The histochemical reactivity of both feather types for Mallory trichrome, orange G, and acridine orange, safranin O, PAS, and methylene blue was determined. The genes with similar functions can be reused to construct a new network. Barbs were removed. Several collagens and a MMP expressed in feathers have been found to evolve rapidly in a previous study [29]. S. M.Richner, and The distal end of a feather forms earlier than the proximal end and the structure and shape of a body feather change dynamically from the distal end to the proximal end. The genetic and developmental basis of morphological complexity is one of the most important issues in evolutionary biology [1, 2]. IPA canonical pathway analysis revealed several DEGs that were involved in WNT/-catenin Signaling (JUN, DKK3, WNT5A, CDH3, CD44, CDH5, PPARD, WNT2B, SFRP4, SOX14, SFRP2, PPP2R2B, SOX7, FRZB, RARB) and in TGF- Signaling (JUN, INHBA, SMAD2, SMAD1, RUNX3, MAPK11, INHBB) (Fig. The mesenchyme includes the dermal papilla and the pulp [19, 20]. These feathers appear to lack pigmentation as preserved, suggesting a pale or white . The morphology of the barbules distinguished pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers, particularly the shape of barbules during their development. 0. The number of barbules (e.g., three out of five) with expanded, triangular-shaped nodes present was recorded and averaged for each specimen. Principal component 1 (PC1) explained 51% of the variation and had the highest loadings on expanded nodes per barbule and barbules with expanded nodes. Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists. o Stratum Corneum: Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium, several layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells o Petrylae vs apeteria o Feathers o Differences between Pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers o Terms: calamus, rachis, babs, barbules, babicles o Recognize: Filoplume, bristle, contour, remiges, rectrices, down. Would you like email updates of new search results? Prior to statistical analyses performed with R v2.15.3 (R Development Core Team 2011), raw read counts were normalized by Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (FPKM). We found that genes involved in developing the vessel, tube and kidney were enriched. Chen Siang Ng, Email: wt.ude.acinis.etag@gnscg. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Know the difference between a pennaceous feather and a plumulaceous feather, Know the principles of "evolutionary developmental biology", Know, in general terms, the biological and genetic evidence cited by the authors that supports the idea feathers evolved in a series of stages and more. Major signaling pathways are involved in feather branching morphogenesis, including the Wnt/-catenin, SHH/BMP, and Notch pathways [11, 18, 19, 45, 48, 56, 74, 75]. 1978, Robertson et al. Molecular evolution of genes in avian genomes. Liu WB, Chen SR, Zheng JX, Qu LJ, Xu GY, Yang N. Developmental phenotypic-genotypic associations of tyrosinase and melanocortin 1 receptor genes with changing profiles in chicken plumage pigmentation. Tools Share ABSTRACT The current study investigated the macroscopic and microscopic differences between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers. Paetzold H, Goepfert C, Huber G, Hoenig E, Portner R, Schilling AF, et al. Siao-Man Wu, Email: wt.ude.uhtn.zo@176149u. RNA-seq and analysis of paired-end reads were performed as described in Ng et al. Lin CM, Jiang TX, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Yue Z, Jiang TX, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol. Besides feathers, epithelial tissues such as the vascular system, kidney, lung, and mammary gland arise through branching morphogenesis of a pre-existing epithelial structure [13, 7678]. Figure S3. Wu P, Hou L, Plikus M, Hughes M, Scehnet J, Suksaweang S, et al. A detailed comparison of transcriptomes between feathers and hairs may reveal the molecular mechanism shared and distinct between these two types of keratinized skin appendages. Feathers develop from the distal end to the proximal end in a temporal-spatial manner, thus providing an opportunity to analyze gene expression profiles associated with different zones of a feather (Fig. Gene ontology (GO) annotation for top 3,000 transcripts that were highly expressed in feather epithelium. Domyan ET, Guernsey MW, Kronenberg Z, Krishnan S, Boissy RE, Vickrey AI, et al. (13K, xlsx)Gene name and primer sequences used in RNA-seq validation. The expression of CD44, which is also known to evolve rapidly in avian lineages [29], correlates with the onset of keratinocyte stratification and mesenchymal maturation into fibrous dermis in fetal human skin [68]. Molecular signaling in feather morphogenesis. Current hypotheses propose that they evolved through an invagination of the epidermis around the base of a dermal papilla, followed by increasing complexity of form and function. Supportive evidence for these differences is given by scanning electron micrographs. Developmental stages of the Japanese quail. Box 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador, Check-list of North American birds. Airola K, Ahonen M, Johansson N, Heikkila P, Kere J, Kahari VM, et al. A Kovalev, AE Filippov, SN Gorb (2014) Unzipping bird feathers. Eckhart L, Bach J, Ban J, Tschachler E. Melanin binds reversibly to thermostable DNA polymerase and inhibits its activity. Two zones of body feather and three zones of flight feather were selected to represent morphological, structural, and mechanical property differences in feathers (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Prum RO. o Why is feathering an . 1a) [5]. An official website of the United States government. En un anlisis de componentes principales (PCA), ms del 75% de la variacin en los caracteres del plumn entre distintas especies de patos fue explicada por los primeros dos componentes. In pennaceous feathers, the initial barbules were large and elongated or pyriform in shape, while plumulaceous feathers had small, thin, elongated initial barbules. II. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) may regulate feather morphogenesis by constraining cell motion and forming borders. Dkk2/Frzb in the dermal papillae regulates feather regeneration. The differential expression profile of these genes among different feather types suggests that they are involved in critical guidance cues during feather morphogenesis, although functional studies remain to be demonstrated. The evolutionary co-option of plesiomorphic molecular signaling modules allows for the morphological innovations of feathers to originate and evolve [14, 15]. FOIA Sequencing transcriptomes in toto. CNS designed experiments. (CSV 1314kb), Positively selected and/or rapid evolving genes in avian lineages [29] that are expressed in all feather samples. Smithsonian Institution, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, E-600, MRC 116 P.O.
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