formal and informal support for mental health

Only 11.1% had sought formal help on its own. northern informal and formal mental health practitioners Religious leaders were most likely to be used by black Africans (17.8%), Asians (14.9%) and by migrants (8.7%). Addressing these unmet needs is becoming one of the urgent public health priorities. Adults. Members of the public have been found to rate the helpfulness of informal help from friends and family more highly than that of professionals ([4,5]). However, Pfeiffer et al. We also found that different help-seeking patterns varied by ethnic group. A key question is what determines the decision to seek formal help. the publics view. It is also helpful to consider a variety of formal agency-based services and informal community-based supports whenever possible. Holzinger A, Matschinger H, Schomerus G, et al. In particular, the present model is very medicalised and based on western concepts of illness. Socio-demographic and socio-economic indicators adjustfor each other, without including clinical indicators or social support variables in the model. Hays RB, Catania JA, Mckusick L, Coates TJ. Results: Ansara DL, Hindin MJ. Barker G. Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development: SLH (BA MA PhD) is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychological Medicine. Young peoples help-seeking for mental health problems. To encourage young people to help-seeking, Progetto Itaca, a no-profit association active in Milan, Italy, in the field of prevention of mental disorders, has been running schemes in schools on stigma and self-stigma, and mental health literacy since 2001. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. provides a conceptual framework for understanding recovery from a consumer-centered perspective. Leavey G, Rothi D, Rini P. Trust, autonomy and relationships: the HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Empirical data for this special issue were collected using quantitative as well as qualitative research methods and involve diverse stakeholders, including service users themselves. schools in London (UK). All authors are employed by Kings College London. Using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) [16] to measure severity, they found no differences in problem severity amongst those seeking informal help, but found differences with formal help, with 14% with less severe problems having sought formal help compared to 28% with more severe problems. Sociodemographic characteristics are also associated with help-seeking, with men more reluctant than women to seek formal help [18]. On the other hand, service users are considered to be the primary agents of their recovery process and need to employ personal and community resources for living a satisfying life. Albert M., Becker T., Mccrone P., Thornicroft G. (1998). MJH (MBBS MSc PhD MRCP MRCPsych) is a Senior Lecturer in Epidemiological & Occupational Psychiatry in the Department of Psychological Medicine. The characteristics of individuals who seek formal help are better understood. Compared to those who use formal help, exclusive use of informal help would be associated with higher social support. The role of community support and personal and social capital in the recovery process is addressed in several papers, but takes a central position in the paper by S. Vindevogel et al., in which they explore the perspectives of former child soldiers and their peers to identify sources of resilience and agency among young adults in the aftermath of the armed conflict in Uganda. Cases (n = 386) were participants who had scores of 12 on the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), indicating a common mental disorder. This paper deals only with the help-seeking preferences of young people before they were exposed to the intervention. They highlight the role of human agency and critical turning points in the life span of drug addicts and criminals, but emphasize that desistance is hardly attainable without drug abstinence. Mental health literacy: empowering the community to take action for better mental health. The large overlapping of the two preference categories in this study suggests that the two go together and, although a very close source of help was preferred the most, formal help was also valued. It has been consistently found that only a third of individuals with diagnosable mental health problems seek formal help from health service providers [1-3] despite the availability of effective treatments [1]. Help-seeking attitudes are therefore the outcome of a more complex view of mental health, relationships with peers and with the family in the process of identity-building. WebAbstractBackground: People in recovery from anxiety, depressive or bipolar disorders can receive both formal (from practitioners) and informal help (from family and friends). Still, the number of psychiatric beds and hospitalizations remains high in several countries. SES, socio-economic status; CMD, Common Mental Disorder; CIS-R Clinical Interview Schedule revised; ADL, activities in daily life. Teacher, clergyman and help-line were grouped with the close informal help into the wider group of broad informal help. Lisa Aschan, Email: ku.ca.lck@nahcsA.asiL. for mental health problems. For decades, the treatment of mental health problems was primarily situated in residential services. The purpose of this study is to compare the mechanisms of informal help and formal help in recovery by combining the perspectives of individuals in recovery, their informal helper and their practitioner. In 2008 the intervention was also examined for its effect on mental health literacy and help-seeking preferences through self-administered questionnaires (at baseline, post-intervention and three-month follow-up), one concerning attitudes and knowledge on mental health, and the other help-seeking preferences. p-values show significance level of Pearsons Chi square test with Rao & Scott corrections. Seeking help for depression from family and friends: a qualitative analysis of perceived advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, although young people consistently prefer informal help in most studies, it is not clear whether the two sources are mutually exclusive or whether they are manifestations of the same overall propensity to help-seeking. -, Barker C., Pistrang N. (2002). recommendations for action. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Health Soc Care Community. On the other hand, professional help needs to be publicized, and made more accessible to everyone and everywhere when needed. Working with patients social networks could lead to more accessible and possibly better outcomes. This study has shown that informal help-seeking is an extremely important and commonly used process. and transmitted securely. The review by C. Wittouck et al. In contrast, Asians tended to use family members (88.4%) but not friends. Informal caregiving is broadly defined as services provided by an unpaid person, such as helping with personal needs and household chores, managing a person's finances, arranging for outside services, or visiting regularly. Social support Presence of emotional social support was indicated by 2 items: having someone to talk to about something that was bothering you or when you felt lonely and wanted some company; and having someone who makes you feel good, loved or cared for. Frequencies show actual counts; percentages have been weighted. In addition, we found employed people frequently used informal help. The authors stress the importance of understanding these persons' symptoms through education programs for formal and informal caregivers and the need for adapted, culturally sensitive recovery programs for minority groups. Background: A recent study gave similar findings, with the highest preferences for mothers and friends, then siblings and fathers, and the lowest preferences for teacher, clergy, school counsellor, school nurse, pastoral support and help-line [9]. Kessler RC, Foster CL, Saunders WB, et al. In terms of service use assessment, self-report may be open to recall bias; however, other studies have largely shown that self-reported service use shows reasonable agreement with other sources, including administrative records among those with measured mental health need [35]. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated on a sample of 30 students in the same grade as the study sample with a test-retest method, administering the questionnaire twice with a two-week interval. Accessibility Formal interventions for promoting recovery may include community treatment of offenders with mental health problems. Information about the use of informal help was not available in either study. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Informal Those with no qualifications tended to be less likely to seek any form of help, particularly informal help on its own. This was supported. Workplace wellbeing plays a large role in Primary strategies to fight stigma identified by mental health care professionals were education and working on recovery and social inclusion, while service users focused on social contacts and person-centered strategies. National Library of Medicine p-values for age, education, income and CMD test for trends. When adapting the questionnaire to the Italian population we did not look for young peoples representatives opinions to improve the validity and the strength of the tool. Results: Clients most frequently received services from formal sources for psychiatric distress, physical health, information, and dangerous behavior needs while informal sources provided the greatest amount of assistance for self-care, psychiatric distress, and money management needs. Webinformal support systems provide eco nomic and psychological resources for black families, little empirical research is available to inform policy and inter vention programs. Females are more likely to seek help than males, who tend more to rely on themselves to solve their problems, often denying the presence of a mental problem [3, 10]. 8600 Rockville Pike Marginally significant differences across education qualification levels were found. All analyses were done using SAS version 9.1. However, there is also likely to be a higher level of need and mental health difficulties because of the higher deprivation level of the area. who performed a needs assessment among 110 persons with psychosis and their support workers living in diverse supported housing settings in an inner-city area of London. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It would be also important to investigate characteristics of people who are easier and more difficult to help. WebAs it happens, mental health studies have often focused on formal interventions and neglected informal help, such as social support (Park et al., 2014; Rickwood & Thomas, 2012; Roehrle & Strouse, 2008). WebDistinguishing between informal and formal supports may provide a new understanding of effective intervention for mental health symptoms in those with adversity histories. The achieved SELCoH study sample was representative of the catchment area with regard to 2011 UK census demographic and socioeconomic indicators, with the exception of the study sample being slightly younger and including more students among the economically inactive (42.0% vs 33.3%). college students). The papers represent contributions from various continents, illustrating the topicality and international relevance of recovery in the field of mental health care. The higher propensity to informal help can be related to the effect observed by Holzinger et al. Lewis G. Assessing psychiatric disorder with a human interviewer or a computer. We found that those with someone to talk to tended to seek informal help rather than formal help. In the UK, Rudell and colleagues [14] also found a pluralistic pattern of help-seeking with GP consultation occurring alongside informal help-seeking. In agreement with other indications [12], psychologist was preferred to a psychiatrist. Black Africans were more likely to seek help from a religious leader and be less likely to seek formal help. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. A comparison of formal and informal help in the Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The effectiveness of informal help is a crucial question. Rural adolescents help-seeking Feinstein AR, Cicchetti DV. The researchers demonstrated that recovery-oriented training can improve mental health care professionals' attitudes towards recovery, but its effectiveness for increasing knowledge was only temporarily. Where clinical/health related and social support indicators were the independent variables of interest, they were entered separately from each other, only controlling for sociodemographics and SES to avoid collinearity. In this special issue, R. Pratt et al. Objectives: To explore the impact of informal social support (ISS) on older health. Reliability values ranged from 0.47 to 0.74, with the exception of the item 10, boyfriend or girlfriend, that performed a kappa value of 0.37. WebBackground: People in recovery from anxiety, depressive or bipolar disorders can receive both formal (from practitioners) and informal help (from family and friends). We found that informal help is extremely commonly used among the whole sample as well as among cases. [9] found mothers were preferred to fathers. Means and Standard Deviations (SD) of propensity scores and percentages of students in the highest (scores 1 and 2) and lowest (6 and 7) propensity categories for 12 sources of help. There are indications that the emphasis on the biological nature of the mental illness parallels greater acceptance of professional treatment [15], and this trend may be reflected in the good propensity observed in this Italian sample. There are several limitations to this study. An official website of the United States government. Of these, 40.1% had sought formal help, (of whom three-quarters (29%) had also sought informal help), 33.6% had sought informal help only and only 26.3% had sought no help. 2022 Nov;30(6):e5693-e5702. set up a survey among diverse stakeholders in mental health care in Quebec, Canada, to identify strategies to fight prejudices and stigma. Rates and predictors of uptake of formal and informal mental health support during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of 26,740 adults in the UK in The site is secure. Relatively little is known about its determinants and its effectiveness. This survey is part of a multi-year research study on informal and formal mental health support in northern Canada involving the use of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods in an effort to better understand mental health in a northern context. Namely, restrictions have resulted in survivors being socially isolated, having greater dependence on the perpetrator, and experiencing poorer mental health (1416). Formal and informal help-seeking associated with womens and mens experience of intimate partner violence in Canada. We computed Cronbachs Alpha to test the internal consistency of the scale, obtaining a score of 0.55. These models adjusted for age using the continuous measure, rather the categorical measure used to adjust for sociodemographic and socio-economic associations. Wilson CJ, Deane FP, Ciarrochi J. Pathways from informal help to formal help are extremely important particularly for severe problems. The wording of the question may have affected responses as formal help related to anxious or depressed or a mental, nervous or emotional problem whereas informal help related to an emotional problem. Seeking informal and formal help for mental health Rughani NJ, Deane FP, Wilson CJ. Recovery has begun to have an influence in thinking more broadly about mental health care and how social inclusion can be promoted [ 4 ]. 2021 Nov;31(13):2440-2453. doi: 10.1177/10497323211039828. They propose that these informal services can be both helpful in preventing demands being made in the formal services, as well as be helpful when people are discharged from the formal services. JSLB (PhD, M. Psychol (clin), BSc) is a Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology in the Department of Psychology. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Informal help, Formal help-seeking, Depression, Functioning, Friends, Family, Community psychiatric survey, Mental health. Bhaskar R. (2016). Table4 describes results of the logistic regression and factors associated with exclusive informal help seeking versus those who sought formal help and gives the unadjusted and adjusted results. low emotional competence and low intention to seek help. The 4 help-seeking group categorization used in this study is similar to that previously used by Woodward and colleagues [13] in their study of African Americans and Black Caribbeans with lifetime mood, anxiety or substance misuse problems. This alternative approach sheds new light on the discussion about TC's effectiveness and proposes a shift in focus from socially desirable outcomes (such as drug abstinence and criminal desistance) to more subjective outcome indicators like family involvement, psychological wellbeing, and engaging in meaningful activities [10]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Evans-Lacko S, Corker E, Williams P, Henderson C, Thornicroft G: Palin JL, Goldner EM, Koehoorn M, Hertzman C. Prevalence and frequency of mental health care provided by general practitioners: differences between 2 national data sources for the same population. In the two boroughs, there is higher deprivation than the England average, but similar proportions of economically active and inactive residents to greater London [24,25]. For formal caregivers, emotional support (SSQ) and comprehensibility (SCQ) were significant predictors of mental health problems measured by DAQ, while Disclaimer. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted problems of two paradoxes. The site is secure. L Aschan receives an Institute of Psychiatry Excellence Studentship from the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London. Tew J, Ramon S, Slade M, Bird V, Melton J, Le Boutiller C. Social factors and recovery from mental health difficulties: a review of the evidence. Kirmayer LJ. focuses on the effectiveness of TCs from a recovery-oriented perspective and regards abstinence as a potential resource, but not as a prerequisite, for recovery defined more broadly. Because of the overlap of informal and formal help-seeking, we used four mutually exclusive help-seeking categories - no help, informal help only, both informal and formal help, or formal help only. 2011 Dec 15;11:196. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-196. Among informal sources, family and friends are the most important [3, 9]. Adolescence is a stage in life when mental health problems can arise, but, despite the enormous impact problems in adolescence can have later in life [5], services do not seem adequately designed to meet this need [6, 7]. Formal help is however well accepted and the two types of help are not seen as mutually exclusive. The second area of papers explores the lived experiences of individuals with mental health difficulties and the personal and community resources they employ to enhance their recovery process. Would you like email updates of new search results? Table1 shows the prevalence of the different types of help seeking. Propensity to formal help was however high. While determinants of formal help have been frequently researched, those of informal help have been under-researched. Patterns of informal help use have been found. Social class and ethnicity were not investigated. Properties of the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire. The CIS-R [28] is a structured interview assessing psychiatric symptom status during the past month, and was used to assess severity of mental disorder. Slade M, Amering M, Oades L. Recovery: an international perspective. Experiences and Needs of Sexual and Gender Minority Young The list included high blood pressure, bronchitis, heart trouble, cancer etc. In a smaller study using a psychiatric interview to assess severity, Rudell and colleagues [14] also found that informal help was commonly used, with talking to friends and family and keeping busy the most common strategies used. Improving mental health literacy The ethnic population is also different from that in other areas, comprising more black Caribbeans and black Africans and fewer Asians. Before Individual interviews were conducted with 15 triads (N = 45 participants) comprising a person in recovery, their most significant informal helper and their most significant practitioner to compare the two forms of help through a mixed method approach. We observed no differences between males and females, whereas others found that females tended to seek help more than males, although with changing patterns across age [3]. Decreases in Efficacy and Availability of Informal Support Informal help is more difficult to evaluate because it happens more spontaneously and therefore studies are limited. To our knowledge, this is the first time that predictors of informal help have been systematically investigated in a community survey of adults in the UK. Data were collected between 20082010, applying similar methods to the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys [21]; study methods are described in detail elsewhere [22,23]. Participants scoring above the threshold on the CIS-R (those categorized as 1217 or 18+) were more likely than those below the threshold to seek formal help, whether on its own or with informal help. adolescents intentions to consult health care professionals. Since the schools were all in affluent or fairly affluent areas of Milan, which is a large city in the most productive region of Italy, these findings might not be confirmed in economically and socially less privileged areas, or in rural areas [16, 17]. Social consequences This study was conducted thanks to a grant from Progetto Itaca, and thank to the voluntary work of Mrs. Roberta Artom, Stefania Ciffani, Carola Colombo, Francesca Dubini, Francesca Fiocchi, Nicoletta Frangi, Carmela Radice Fossati, Lella Valsecchi, and Drs. Informal help-seeking is All adjusted models had acceptable goodness-of-fit (p > 0.05). In generating the four mutually exclusive utilisation categories (no help, informal help only, both informal and formal, only formal), the sample size was reduced from 1698 to 1610 due to missing observations (86 true missing from the informal help item; two refusals to answer the formal help question). Three areas of recovery research can be distinguished in this special issue. The CIS-R provides ICD-10 diagnoses for ten psychiatric disorders through a standard algorithm. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Results: About 45% of people reported talking to friends or family members to support their mental health, 43% engaging in self-care activities, 20% taking medication, 9% speaking to mental health professionals, 8% talking to a GP or other health professional, and another 8% using helpline or online services. We did however find that those with social support seemed less likely to seek formal help on its own. Social networks and mental health service utilisation-a literature review. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Received 2013 Feb 5; Accepted 2013 Feb 5. Formal and Informal Help-Seeking for Mental Health Clark RE, Xie H, Adachi-Mejia AM, Sengupta A. J Ment Health Policy Econ. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Additionally, individual characteristics of informal helpers and those helped merit investigation. These groups experienced the interface with primary care being difficult because of differences in values. assesses the impact of drug treatment courts, which divert drug offenders to drug and other types of community treatment instead of sending them to prison, on clinical recovery. Screening for stratification in two-phase (two-stage) epidemiological surveys. Introduction Little is known about whether sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth and young adults with suicidal ideation receive adequate mental healthcare in the Netherlands. The boroughs are ethnically diverse, with a greater number of Black Caribbean and Black African residents but fewer South Asian residents than other areas of London [26,27]. [12] of the distinction between depressive symptoms and illness made by the lay public, and the lower propensity to recommend professional help when depressive symptoms occur in the context of adverse life events or in absence of a mental illness. Clinical variables examined included psychiatric severity, psychiatric diagnoses, suicidal indicators, longstanding illness and functioning indicators. Jorm AF. Those with suicidal ideation were also significantly less likely to seek informal help only. Traditionally, TCs have been evaluated from an acute care perspective, whereas a longitudinal or even a career approach is warranted. Formal and informal help-seeking for mental health What constitutes informal help might be difficult to define, as by their nature, this help varies, and is not often sought regularly or consistently. The cross-sectional nature of the survey also limits our ability to understand the causal relationship between different types of help-seeking and the longitudinal patterns of access to help. Workplace wellbeing COVID-19 and the associated restrictions have resulted in an escalation of three key socially related risk factors. The subjective perspectives of service users and their lived experiences play a pivotal role in the personal recovery movement, but their narratives do not necessarily accord with these of mental health professionals and researchers [6]. Epub 2010 Jun 18. Informal and formal mental health: preliminary qualitative findings Therefore, indicating professional help as the real or best source of help can prove counterproductive. These results suggest that it is not socio-demographic or socio-economic factors that drive informal or formal help-seeking, but clinical factors such as severity and complexity that do. We do not know how generalizable these findings are. When controlling for non-clinical variables, severity, depression, suicidal ideas, functioning and longstanding illnesses were associated with formal rather than informal help-seeking. Also, people in recovery are active when it comes to determining the role that their helpers play (agency). Slade M. Everyday solutions for everyday problems: how mental health systems can support recovery. The contributions concern diverse mental health populations, including people with psychosis or schizophrenia, substance use disorders, offenders with mental disorders, and young adults with posttraumatic stress disorders. Socioeconomic indicators included education, employment status and household income. Informal and formal mental health: preliminary qualitative findings Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Personal recovery; agency; critical realism; deductive thematic analysis; helping relationship; mixed method; social support; therapeutic relationship. It may be that once we better understand the role of informal and formal help for people in a population, then we would be in a better position to implement Kleinmans [7] ideas about matching perceptions of problems, and then offering interventions that fit better. June SL Brown, Email: ku.ca.lck@nworB.enuJ. Younger people more frequently sought informal help only. government site. These two Migrant status indicated whether or not the person was born in the UK. Mental Health, Recovery, and the Community - PMC McKelly CM, Jorm AF, Wright A. All analyses were carried out in Stata 11 and accounted for household clustering and non-response using survey weights and applying svy commands in order to generate robust standard errors [31]. Informal help is characterised by emotional closeness, companionship and reciprocity. Moller-Leimkuhler AM. The two variables were then crosstabulated. MeSH Informal help-seekers were also more likely to rate themselves as more healthy, and less likely to report longstanding illnesses or functional limitations due to emotional health. All students of the grade involved and their parents were informed of the study and that they were free to refuse. mental [40] found that 50% with diagnosable problems remitted without intervention at 3year follow-up. Finally, we found 26.3% of cases did not seek any kind of help. All of the adjusted models were tested for goodness-of-fit using the post-hoc svylogitgof command, which is appropriate for survey data [32]. While those with CIS-R scores below 12 were proportionately least likely to seek any help, 45 (3.8%) had sought formal help. The factors were socio-demographic, economic and clinical indicators. attitudes about mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The original study had received approval from the Kings College London research ethics committee, reference CREC/07/08-152. Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B.
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