khasas caste belongs to which category

Hinduism - Caste System, Dharma, Bhakti, and Renunciation The Khsi have a distinctive culture. [244], In addition to taking affirmative action for people of schedule castes and scheduled tribes, India has expanded its effort to include people from poor, backward castes in its economic and social mainstream. [95], During the time of the Rigveda (1500 - 1200 BCE), there were two varnas: arya varna and dasa varna. [8] Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy. Most Indians say they belong to a lower caste category specifically, Scheduled Caste (SC), Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Other Backward Class (OBC), according to Attitudes about caste in India | Pew Research Center The process is gradual and not always successful. [244] The Other Backward Class (OBCs) were found[by whom?] [171][160] Between 1860 and 1920, the British incorporated the caste system into their system of governance, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper castes. [125] Jinasena does not trace the origin of varna system to Rigveda or to Purusha, but to the Bharata legend. A majority of marriages in India are still endogamous with inter-caste and inter-religious marriages found mostly among those who are "economically, educationally, culturally advanced and urban oriented". [96] Many dasas were, however, in a servile position, giving rise to the eventual meaning of dasa as servant or slave. 38,193. Balirja went on to become sovereign king of Jumla and founder of Kalyal dynasty. How Do Different People Assess Social Change In Nepal? MOPE (2002). He concludes that "If caste is defined as a system of group within the class, which are normally endogamous, commensal and craft-exclusive, we have no real evidence of its existence until comparatively late times. Caste This law declared that all those who belonged to certain castes were born with criminal tendencies. It is likely that the varna system, while being a part of the Brahmanical ideology, was not practically operative in the society. All Caste List Team. Caste, State, and Ethnic Boundaries in Nepal. [267] Barth identifies the origin of the stratification from the historical segregation between pak (pure) and paleed (impure)defined by the family's social or religious status, occupation and involvement in sexual crimes. [115], Scholars have tried to locate historical evidence for the existence and nature of varna and jati in documents and inscriptions of medieval India. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The first school of thought focuses on ideological factors that are claimed to drive the caste system and hold that caste is rooted in the four. Television ownership was up from zero to 45 percent; cellphone ownership up from zero to 36 percent; two-wheeler ownership (of motorcycles, scooters, mopeds) up from zero to 12.3 percent; children eating yesterday's leftovers down from 95.9 percent to 16.2 percent Dalits running their own businesses up from 6 percent to 37 percent; and proportion working as agricultural labourers down from 46.1 percent to 20.5 percent. [2][155][4], Jati were the basis of caste ethnology during the British colonial era. [211] Government policies aim at reducing this inequality by reservation, quota for backward classes, but paradoxically also have created an incentive to keep this stratification alive according to sociologist Arvind Shah. The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel by Kanakalatha Mukund p.166, Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the making of the Indo-Islamic World by Andr Wink p.321, Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India. [20], Most of the initial Khas kings before Pthvmalla were Buddhist. [13], The case of Newr is exceptional. Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste [14] The inscription of Prithvi Malla on Shitushka in Jumla is quoted as:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, O mai padme hu. Many occupations listed such as accounting and writing were not linked to jatis. The upper-class This feeling may reflect personal experience: 82% of Indians say they have not personally faced discrimination based on their caste in the year prior to taking the survey. The fastest increase in school attendance by Dalit community children occurred during the recent periods of India's economic growth. Khati Caste Definition [24] The varna categorisation implicitly includes a fifth element, those deemed to be entirely outside its scope, such as tribal people and the untouchables (Dalits). Thus, "Caste" is not an accurate representation of jati in English. Aditya Malla, The list of Khas kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla:[31], The list of rulers of Khasa (Tibetan: Ya rtse) Kingdom established by the Tibetologists Luciano Petech, Roberto Vitali[36] and Giuseppe Tucci are:[31]. Historically speaking, the alliance and the open status group, whether war band or religious sect, dominated medieval and early modern Indian history in a way descent and caste did not. Opposition to intercaste marriage also remains widespread, with Pew polling indicating that over 3 in 5 Indians agree that it is "very important" to stop both men and women from marrying outside of their castes. The population of Khas-Chhetris constitutes 17.6% but its participation is mere 14.7%. But like every other institution it has suffered from excrescences. By contrast, fewer people in the South (just over one-third) say stopping inter-caste marriage is a high priority. [238], The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and certain economically backward Shudra castes as Other Backward Class. As a result, there have been campaigns to include the Muslim untouchable and lower castes among the groups eligible for affirmative action in India under SC and STs provision act[251] and have been given additional reservation based on the Sachar Committee report. By the end of the Rigvedic period, however, the hereditary principle of social rank had taken root. [317][bettersourceneeded], Mulk Raj Anand's debut novel, Untouchable (1935), is based on the theme of untouchability. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. And respondents with a favorable view of the BJP also are much more likely than others to oppose such marriages. Haque suggests that Indian lawmakers need to reform and modernise the nation's land laws and rely less on blind adherence to land ceilings and tenancy reform. About three-quarters of Muslims and Sikhs say that all or most of their friends share their caste (76% and 74%, respectively). [90], The existence of jati and the precursor of caste has been found in the Indus Valley Civilisation (3300 BCE - 1700 BCE). Some scholars postulated that these alleged Aryans encountered or conquered the indigenous people, whom they called daha (enemies) or dasyu (servants). [207] Markovits writes, "if religion was not a structuring factor, neither was caste" among the Hindu merchants group of northwest India. This class was apparently not defined by birth, but by individual economic growth. In contrast to what Brahmanical legal texts may lead us to expect, we do not find that caste is the organising principle of society or that boundaries between different social groups is sharply demarcated. 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Modern theorists, however, assume that castes arose from differences in family This can be traced to the beginning of the film industry, which was pioneered by a Brahmin, Dadasaheb Phalke; since then, while Dalits tried to enter the industry, they were often cast in side roles or as villains. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The term means different things to different Indians. [138] Zia al-Din al-Barani of Delhi Sultanate in his Fatawa-ye Jahandari and Abu al-Fadl from Akbar's court of Mughal Empire are the few Islamic court historians who mention caste. Their dominance is reflected in education, administration and economical activities of the nation. Sharpe, 2003, Muslim rule between the 12th and 18th centuries, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, California Department of Fair Employment and Housing, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, International Institute for Population Sciences, Caste discrimination in the United States, Samuel, Origins of Yoga and Tantra (2008), Chapman, Religious vs. [5] These immigrants were quickly absorbed into the Khas community due to larger similarities. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. [204] This agreement, which saw Gandhi end his fast and Ambedkar drop his demand for a separate electorate, was called the Poona Pact.[205]. ", "Hindu cosmology and the orinetation and segregation of social groups in villages in Northwestern India", "Rural Settlement types in the Uttar Pradesh (United Provinces of Agra and Oudh)", "Obscenity case slammed against Arundhati Roy", "Caste and Cinema: A Sociological Analysis of Caste Representation in Indian Cinema", "Anti-caste Aesthetics and Dalit Interventions in Indian Cinema", "Gendered and Casteist Body: Cast(e)ing and Castigating the Female Body in select Bollywood Films", "Religious vs. [6] Between 1860 and 1920, the British incorporated the Indian caste system into their system of governance, granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to Christians and people belonging to certain castes. Thank you for investing your time and reading this article till the end. [19] Education is free and open to all castes. It was ruled by kings of Khasa tribe who bore the family name "Malla" (not to be confused with the later Malla dynasty of Kathmandu). Caste Hence they come under OBC. India, like any other society, cannot be judged by a caricature of its worst specimens. CENTRAL GOVT LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES-OBCs Corrections? What losses did Russia suffer in the Wagner revolt? The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was established to investigate, monitor, advise, and evaluate the socio-economic progress of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Evidence shows, according to Eaton, that Shudras were part of the nobility, and many "father and sons had different professions, suggesting that social status was earned, not inherited" in the Hindu Kakatiya population in the Deccan region between the 11th and 14th centuries. focussed on education attainments of children and young adults aged 629, from lowest caste and tribal populations of India. Three-in-ten Indians identify themselves as belonging to General Category castes, including 4% who say they are Brahmin, traditionally the priestly caste.12. Currently, Newars are divided into groups of over 25 occupational caste categories who share a common language (mother-tongue) Nepal Bhasa or speak Nepali. Despite the changes though, caste identities remain strong, and last names are almost always indications of what caste a person belongs to. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. [9], Starting with the 19th century, the British colonial government passed a series of laws that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification. In 1990, the government reservation of 27% for Backward Classes on the basis of the Mandal Commission's recommendations. In Nepal, high castes dominate 91.2% among the prominent position in politics and bureaucracy. Eleanor Nesbitt, a professor of Religion and author of books on Sikhism, states that the Varan is described as a class system, while Zat has some caste system features in Sikh literature. "[124], Adi Purana, an 8th-century text of Jainism by Jinasena, is the first mention of varna and jati in Jain literature. [26], The successors of King Ngarja adhered to some suffix as -illa and -challa like King Chapilla, King Krachalla. And, regionally, 45% of Indians in the Northeast say all their friends are part of their caste, while in the South, fewer than one-in-five (17%) say the same. [135], Richard Eaton, a professor of history at Berkley, asserts that the presumption of a rigid Hindu caste system and the oppression of lower castes in pre-Islamic era in India is the cause of "mass conversion to Islam" during the medieval era. He wrote that initially, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras existed as classes whose choice of occupation was not restricted by birth and in which exogamy was prevalent. [107] The people of high kulas were engaged in occupations of high rank, viz., agriculture, trade, cattle-keeping, computing, accounting and writing, and those of low kulas were engaged in low-ranked occupations such as basket-weaving and sweeping. However, although Ambedkar uses the approach of psychologist Gabriel Tarde to indicate how the caste system spread, he also explains that Brahmins or Manu cannot be blamed for the origin of the caste system and he discredits theories which trace the origin of caste system in races. For socio-religious Hindu stratification, see, "Castes in India" redirects here. This form of Masto worship among the Khasas is apparently not related to any Vedic scriptures and tradition of the Gangetic plains of India, and seems more closer to pre-Buddhist Shamanistic Bon practice of Tibet. The historical Khasas are mentioned in several Indian inscriptions dated between 8th and 13th centuries CE. L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', "Ian Alsop: The Metal Sculpture of the Khasa Mallas", Sinja valley UNESCO World Heritage Centre, "Buddhist relics in western Nepal Nepali Times", "The Baleshwar Inscription of King Krachalla", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khasa_Kingdom&oldid=1153742779, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from May 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text, Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Naga lde (Nepali: Ngarja) (early 12th century), bTsan phyug lde (Nepali: Cpilla) (mid-12th century), bKra shis lde (Nepali: Kricalla) (12th century), Grags btsan lde (Nepali: Krdhicalla) (12th century) brother of bTsan phyug lde), A sog lde (Nepali: Aokcalla) (fl. At the end of this article, I will also provide a direct Link to Download OBC Caste List PDF file. Nepal's Downtrodden: A nation struggles to find the way to relieve 4.5 million Dalits from the stigma of "untouchability". [103] The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas are given a special position in the rituals, distinguishing them from both the Vaishyas and the Shudras. This is a false terminology; castes rise and fall in the social scale, and old castes die out and new ones are formed, but the four great classes are stable. Read about our approach to external linking. [1], The Government of Nepal legally abolished and criminalized any caste-based discrimination, including "untouchability" (the ostracism of a specific caste) - in 1963. to shakya-caste@googlegroups.com Shakya caste is a Kshatriya dynasty of Suryavansha. The historical Khasa kingdom is different from the territory of this legendary tribe, although there have been some speculations about a connection between the two. The Nepali civil code Muluki Ain was commissioned by Jung Bahadur Rana after his European tour and enacted in 1854. (This question was asked only of people who did not identify as members of Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes. These policies included reserving a quota of places for these groups in higher education and government employment. [1][160][161][162], The strict British class system may have influenced the British preoccupation with the Indian caste system as well as the British perception of pre-colonial Indian castes. Sikh surnames and the castes to which they belong | Unp.me The extent to which the ideologys hierarchical ordering of the four groups mirrored the social reality is unknown. It believes caste to be rooted in the economic, political and material history of India. [136] "Further," writes Jackson, "there is no evidence that there ever was a widespread conversion to Islam at the turn of twelfth century" by Hindus of lower caste. About one-third of OBCs (32%) say no more than some of their friends are members of their caste, compared with roughly one-quarter of all other castes who say this. In Group D jobs, the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30% greater than their demographic percentage. This article is about socio-political stratification in Indian society. According to Wikipedia, there is 1100+ Caste living in India which are divided into 4 Caste Category which is SC, ST OBC & General. Christians are more likely than other religious groups to say there is a lot of discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India: About three-in-ten Christians say each group faces widespread discrimination, compared with about one-in-five or fewer among Hindus and other groups. Working-class persons in urban areas who must make a living by selling their labour power. WebThe caste system defines social classes by a number of hierarchical endogamous groups often termed jaat. [146] Bayly states that these obscure post-Mughal elites associated themselves with kings, priests and ascetics, deploying the symbols of caste and kinship to divide their populace and consolidate their power. Differences by religion are starker. This has led Cynthia Talbot, a professor of History and Asian Studies, to question whether varna was socially significant in the daily lives of this region. General Category and Other Backward Classes were not measured in the census. [3] On 28 May 2008, it was declared a republic,[4] ending the period of the Hindu Kingdom. [131][132], Derryl MacLein, a professor of social history and Islamic studies, states that historical evidence does not support this theory; that whatever evidence is available suggests that Muslim institutions in north-west India legitimised and continued any inequalities that existed; and that neither Buddhists nor "lower caste" Hindus converted to Islam because they viewed Islam to lack a caste system. caste, any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous social groups, often linked with occupation, that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Hindus maintain that the proliferation of the castes (jatis, literally births) was the result of intermarriage (which is prohibited in Hindu works on dharma), which led to the subdivision of the four classes, or varnas. "[113] The epic then recites a behavioural model for varna, that those who were inclined to anger, pleasures and boldness attained the Kshatriya varna; those who were inclined to cattle rearing and living off the plough attained the Vaishya varna; those who were fond of violence, covetousness and impurity attained the Shudra varna. The rituals in the Vedas ask the noble or king to eat with the commoner from the same vessel. 13361339) of, sPri ti sMal/Pra ti rmal (Nepali: Pthvmalla) (fl. Balijas back under 2A category, says Seetharam It was written at "Srisampannanagar" (Srinagar) in Dullu. 24,399, Adivasi Janajatis ranks third with an average income of Rs. [131], Peter Jackson, a professor of Medieval History and Muslim India, writes that the speculative hypotheses about the caste system in Hindu states during the medieval Delhi Sultanate period (~1200 to 1500), and the existence of a caste system, as being responsible for Hindu weakness in resisting the plunder by Islamic armies, is appealing at first sight, but "they do not withstand closer scrutiny and historical evidence". After the Rana regime, caste rules relating to food, drink and intercaste marriage were openly louted but the Muluki Ain had not been abrogated. A reservation system for people classified as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has existed for over 50 years. The caste system has been criticised by many Indian social reformers. Better terms would be ethnicity, ethnic identity and ethnic group. Most mentions of varna in the Andhra inscriptions come from Brahmins. [259] Below them are the middle caste Muslims called Ajlafs, and the lowest status Muslims of the Arzals. "[291] He considered the four divisions of Varnas to be fundamental, natural and essential. In recent years, there have been demands from several communities to be recognised as OBCs - in 2016 there were violent protests by the Jat community in Haryana and the Patel community led huge protests in Gujarat in 2015 demanding access to caste quotas. WebThe Indian caste system and untouchability are the creation of Brahminical ideological forces such as Manu and Kautilya . Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton, professors of Sanskrit and Religious studies, state, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". [234][235][236], Article 15 of the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination based on caste and Article 17 declared the practice of untouchability to be illegal. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 1920 January 2005. [202], Social unrest during 1920s led to a change in this policy. Most Indians (68%) identify themselves as members of lower castes, including 34% who are members of either Scheduled Castes (SCs) or Scheduled Tribes (STs) and 35% who are members of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) or Most Backward Classes. [102] The majority of the artisans were also reduced to the position of Shudras, but there is no contempt indicated for their work. [252] They found a significant increase in lower caste children in their odds of completing primary school. A 2000 report estimated that most jobs in India were in companies owned by the government or agencies of the government. This form of social mobility was endorsed by Buddha. In 1854, early in the period of Rana rule, a National Legal Code (Muluki Ain) was proclaimed that laid out detailed codes for inter-caste behavior and specified punishments for their infringement.[11].
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