local religious conflicts

Please fill in the required fields in your feedback submission. The motivation of local leaders and community members is important, as local actors may incentivize violence through patronage or fail to constrain it to achieve personal benefits (Brass Reference Brass1997; Berenschot Reference Berenschot2011; Wilkinson Reference Wilkinson and Chandra2012, 369; Varshney Reference Varshney2014; see also discussion in Fjelde and stby Reference Fjelde and stby2014; Pierskalla and Sacks Reference Pierskalla and Sacks2017). Desde as civilizaes mais antigas, esses conflitos tm causado inmeras mortes e dividido os povos ao redor do mundo. Our statistical analysis confirms the conflict-dampening effect of local religious institutions: higher interethnic inequalities are associated with increased ethnic violence only in areas with low and medium levels of mosque density. And local debate about the relative significance of these identities in shaping inter-group attitudes and responses is not uncommon (Kols Reference Kols2017). "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, Perceptions of Local versus National Factors in Religious https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048320000590, Reference Basedau, Strver, Vllers and Wegenast, Reference Erk, Anderson, Erk and Anderson, Reference Ostien, Chesworth and Kogelmann, Reference Canetti, Khatib, Rubin and Wayne, Terror, Territoriality and the Struggle for Indigeneity and Citizenship in Northern Nigeria, Indigeneship and Citizenship in Nigeria: Myth and Reality, Religion, Ethnicity and Citizenship: Demands for Territorial Self-determination in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria, Decentralization and Intrastate Struggles: Chechnya, Punjab, and Qubec, Understanding Variations in Local Conflict: Evidence and Implications from Indonesia, Bad Religion? Srie "Les conflits dans l'glise" (5) - Reforme Georgia History - New Georgia Encyclopedia ethno-religious conflict. Since 2001, residents of the Jos area have experienced recurring bouts of ethnic violence that could be characterized by overlapping salient identities: ethno-tribal (indigenous versus non-indigenous) and ethno-religious (Muslim versus Christian). Published online by Cambridge University Press: A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Finally, accounts of the Jos violence emphasize the way in which the violence takes on the tone of religious conflict (Human Rights Watch 2010; 2011a; 2011b; Krause Reference Krause2011; Vinson Reference Vinson2017). In general, the weakness of the Nigerian statelacking the capacity or will to provide effective securitycould be blamed for the proliferation of ethnic violence throughout northern Nigeria (Osaretin and Akov Reference Osaretin and Akov2013, 356). For example, given the importance of identity in Jos, is it possible differences between blame for national and local levels of government are associated with personal identity, rather than perceptions of the religious versus tribal character of the conflict? As opposed to open-ended questions or the option to indicate multiple answers, the question design adopted here assesses which issues respondents see as the most significant or important contributors to Jos violence. Conflict in eastern Congo has gone on for decades as myriad armed groups fight for control of valuable mineral resources. This study examines 116 cases of zoning conflict involving religious buildings in the New York City region between 1992 and 2017 as reported by the New York Times. Meanwhile, the conflict between ethnic and religious communities are From where did Becker's suburbanites get their metaphors of churches as families, communities, or houses of worship? See all cities for Religious . First, the emergence of communal violence in Jos can be traced to specific national government interventions in Jos politics and to the problematic articulation of indigeneity in Nigeria's Constitution. Religious Freedom and Local Conflict: Religious Buildings and Zoning E-mail: Search for other works by this author on: The Author(s) 2020. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). Political and economic issue answers are not discussed in detail because (1) it is not the focus of the hypotheses, (2) the inclusion of economic and political responses were meant to give plausible material alternatives to possible identity responses (rather than a vague other response), and finally (3) there is little indication that blaming economic and political issues is strongly associated with blaming local and national government levels (see Table 5 in the paper appendix for an illustration). This was an era when Western Europe was expanding its economy and Christianity. Since the mid-2000s, local government elections in Jos North have been delayed a number of times due to likely instability. Table 1 summarizes a series of logistic regression analyses that confirm the differences between tribal and religious issues responses and blame for different government levels even with the inclusion of personal religious identity. The paper appendix includes analysis demonstrating the robustness of these findings even when including the potentially confounding treatments. Most of the fighting took place in the Holy Roman Empire, although the war grew to include European powers outside of the Empire.What began as a local, religious conflict became more and more continental and political with each expanding phase of the war. Cambridge What can faith-based communities do about it? The authors wish to thank Katrina Korb and Danny McCain, professors at the University of Jos for providing vital logistical support as well as local knowledge for the sampling techniques. Building in dialogue to bridge different local perceptions of the conflict cleavages and/or meeting communities where they are at a program level may be most apt. Violence continues to haunt the area, with a recent set of attacks occurring in the summer of 2018 in areas just south of Jos (Inuwa Reference Inuwa2018). Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. All rights reserved. Assessment International Education, Research methods in sociology and criminology, Comparative, in-depth qualitative study of 23 congregations, Looks at local culture through institutional lens, Finds different local religious cultures with different implications for mission, identity and commitment - including vital 'public religion' even in an individualistic community. Full article: Religious Pluralism in Indonesia - Taylor & Francis Online 6. Following major violence in 2008 and 2010, Milligan (Reference Milligan2013) observes that contention between then president Yar'adua and two consecutive Jos governors tainted the commissions. The following research assistants did invaluable work on this project: Sanni Moses Peter, Abdullahi Yusuf, Abdullahi Salmanu, Abubakar Nabeel Abdulkareem, Bot Polycarp Moses, Bulus Jonathan Charles, Chidozie Diamond Anyalewech, Francis Emmanuel Tsaku, Fariatu Yahuza Ahmad, Ibrahim Musa Nuhu, Salihu Madinatu, Mafeng David Bot, Temitope Olamide Osoba, Omeka Matthew, and Ruqayya Sulaiman Nayaya. Total loading time: 0 The number of Christians has grown even faster, soaring almost 70-fold from about 7 million to 470 million. For permissions, please e-mail:journals.permissions@oup.com. Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Peter Rudloff, Department of Political Science, 234 Social Sciences and Humanities, This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (, Copyright The Author(s), 2021. Also, the impact of the conflict and why attempts to resolve the conflict have been were ineffective. Culture and Religion in International Relations. lecturers@cambridge.org. Our innovative products and services for learners, authors and customers are based on 7. 18 March 2021. Figure 1. Among these new conditions is the increasing localization of violent conflict, especially among extra-state forces that are mobilized by ideological and religious passions. City councilor fined after he admits violating conflict-of-interest law As Krause (Reference Krause2011, para. Chapter Local Religious Conflicts are International Issues Jonathan Fox & Shmuel Sandler Chapter 134 Accesses Part of the Culture and Religion in International Relations book series (CRIR) Abstract Domestic conflicts, including religious conflicts, are becoming increasingly international issues. In such instrumentalist arguments, identity becomes a salient cleavage when national elites strategically manipulate local identities and communal violence for their own political ends, especially around elections (Gagnon Reference Gagnon1994; Brass Reference Brass1997; Posner Reference Posner2004; Wilkinson Reference Wilkinson2005; Eifert, Miguel, and Posner Reference Eifert, Miguel and Posner2010; Wilkinson Reference Wilkinson and Chandra2012). 12. Whether a respondent indicated religious or tribal solutions is the primary independent variable of this analysis. Yet, her data are . The Pacifying Effects of Local Religious Institutions: An - JSTOR First, Toft's (2007) influential study reports important trends when it comes to religious civil wars in general and the role of Islamist conflicts in particular. Jos, Nigeria is an ideal test case for examining whether individuals who associate the conflict with tribal or religious cleavages significantly differ in their perceptions of its local or national causes. Proposing to use a single-family home for worship or use a building near residences topped local concerns. For most of Georgia's colonial period, Creeks outnumbered both European colonists and enslaved Africans and occupied more land than these newcomers. Tap here to view the desktop version of this site. The purpose of this discussion is not to set up a false dichotomy or to argue that ethnic communal violence must be understood as either the product of local or national factors, as the tapestry of communal violence is woven more often than not of both national- and local-level issues and motivations (see Krause Reference Krause2019). Also, given the prominence of local religious leaders across the global South (Vllers Reference Vllers2019), when these leaders participate in a narrative of religious othering, it may further a perception that local religious cleavages propel conflict. Rather, we argue that it is critically important to understand how individuals and groups affected by the violence perceive its causes and construct narratives. For example, in a different article, the authors explore whether and how framing of conflict affects respondents' perceptions of the issues involved in the conflict and who is to blame (Vinson and Rudloff forthcoming). lict across the contin 9 World War, when Stalin's government resurrected. Ricardo Arroyo admitted . Finally, Jos is a microcosm of a larger religio-political struggle, because religious identity transcends local communal identities. We explore how the perceived ethnic dimensions of violence (e.g., as tribal or religious) affect whether the violence is perceived as rooted in local or national factors. Christians tend to blame national governments for conflict, whereas Muslims tend to blame local governments. Given that violence is mobilized by local actors and uses local narratives of injustice or group cleavages (e.g., Kalyvas Reference Kalyvas2006), communities may be more likely to blame local issues and actors. Religious Persecution in Cross-National Context: Clashing Civilizations or Regulated Religious Economies? Kaufman (Reference Kaufman2006, 202) contends, for example, that peacebuilding efforts in the context of ethnic conflicts are problematic because peacebuilding actors view the endeavor through a rationalist lens of interests and institutions, rather than considering the emotional and symbolic processes that influence how tangible issues are perceived and how they play out politically. Figures 3 and 4 summarize the results of our follow-up tribal and religious solutions questions (detailed in the `Data' section), and illustrate how the importance of blame for different levels of government may extend to peacebuilding and solutions.Footnote 12, Figure 3. While casting doubt on several scholarly interpretations of American religion, this book ultimately provides an optimistic view of the vitality of religion itself." for this article. When local identities are closely aligned with those possessing national power, ethnic favoritism by the state may exacerbate subnational inter-group competition (Wimmer Reference Wimmer1997; Mayowa Reference Mayowa2001; Fjelde and stby Reference Fjelde and stby2014, 74445). Indonesia is one of the world's great plural societies. The first asks subjects to identify the cause of similar past conflict in Jos in terms of broad categories that include both ideational and non-ideational dimensions: Which of the following issues do you think is the biggest MAJOR CAUSE of the type of violence described in the article when it occurs in Jos? Furthermore, there may be important consequences when it comes to peacebuilding, as a majority of respondents in our survey indicated that the national level is most important in solving religious causes of violence, whereas respondents considered the Plateau state level of government as most important in solving tribal causes of violence. However, there are reasons why our findings may help us understand other, similar, communal conflicts. It is unclear how individuals in communities affected by ethnic violence perceive national and local contributors to conflict. So too, peacebuilding efforts involving members of the Christian indigenous community may struggle to gain traction if focused on local ethno-tribal inequalities and governance, since this group is more likely to see the conflict as rooted in broader national-level religious issues or divisions. This study examines 116 cases of zoning conflict involving religious buildings in the New York City region between 1992 and 2017 as reported by the New York Times. More than 8 in 10 respondents (84%) opposed allowing medical professionals to cite religious beliefs as a reason to deny care to LGBTQ people, while 74% said they were against letting employers . Local Religious Conflicts are International Issues. Isaacs (Reference Isaacs2017) argues that in communities where religious groups are internally fragmented, religious leaders have more incentive to adopt reactionary rhetoric in order to attract adherents, thus intensifying the association of local conflict with religious cleavages. The conflict in Northern Ireland, which has killed thousands, has political and religious roots that are centuries old. France (65%), Italy (64%), Spain (58%), and Germany (56%) followed Taiwan. Local Religious Institutions and the Impact of Interethnic Inequality Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Bringing Religion into International Relations, Culture and Religion in International Relations, Palgrave Political & Intern. John R. Hall, University of California, Davis, "Congregations in Conflict inaugurates a new phase in the sociology of contemporary American religion. Hence, we hypothesize the following: Hypothesis 1 Whether individuals perceive religious or tribal issues as more salient to inter-group ethnic violence will lead to divergent views of whether local or national factors are primarily to blame for the violence. If you are interested in the title for your course we can consider offering an examination copy. However, an underexplored question is whether perceptions of responsibility might differ depending on the identity dimension individuals primarily ascribe to the violence. You are now leaving the Cambridge University Press website. Religious Conflicts - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Grim and Finke (Reference Grim and Finke2007, 639) push back against work that minimizes the significance of religion relative to other ethnic identities and argue, Ethnicity and religion frequently do overlap, just as land interests and religion overlap or as ethnicity and economic interests overlap; but they should not be conflated. And in the broader literature, scholars find that tapping into particular identity narratives can re-shape inter-group perceptions and policy attitudes (e.g., Charnysh, Lucas, and Singh Reference Charnysh, Lucas and Singh2015; Gurses Reference Gurses2015; Reference Gurses2018; Robinson Reference Robinson2016; Kalin and Siddiqui Reference Kalin and Siddiqui2020).
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