what is the form of baptism

[275] Hyperdispensationalists assert:[citation needed], Water baptism found early in the Book of Acts is, according to this view,[citation needed] now supplanted by the one baptism[277][non-primary source needed] foretold by John the Baptist. Baptism for Mandaeans allows for salvation by connecting with the World of Light and for forgiveness of sins. Baptism, by definition, was to be placed into water as a spiritual sign of following the Lord. 3:15, of the finger in blood in the Torah of sacrifices at Lv. "[228] The Council of Trent also states in the Decree Concerning Justification from session six that baptism is necessary for salvation. Apr 7, 2009 There are three modes (or methods) of water baptism used in Christian churches today: immersion (in which the person is completely submerged), affusion (that is, pouring), and aspersion (sprinkling). [240] Baptism by non-Catholic Christians is valid if the formula and water are present, and so converts from other Christian denominations are not given a Catholic baptism. But Baptism is sanctified by the form. During the Reformation the Lutherans, Reformed, and Anglicans accepted the Catholic attitude toward infant baptism. Do you understand that your dedication and baptism identify you as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization? They do not accept water baptism as a practice for the church since Paul who was God's apostle to the nations was not sent to baptize. However, Paul writes in Ephesians 4:5 that there is "one baptism". 128 likes, 6 comments - Life.Church Wellington (@lifechurchwel) on Instagram: "If you were at church this weekend, you heard Pastor @brianjatkins tell Harlond's story . The purpose of baptism in most Christian traditions is the forgiveness of sins and . " I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you will become clean; I will cleanse you from all your uncleanness and from all your disgusting idols. "In the LXX is used for the dipping of the morsel in wine at Ju. In the case of baptism, the remote matter is natural and true water. Baptism is conducted in the order of worship. Baptism proclaims the good news that Christ has made everyone his own and that it is only Him that everybody's new life of faith and obedience merges. "[190] (3) Integral to believer's baptism is the candidate's mission to witness to the world even unto martyrdom, echoing Jesus' words that "they would be baptized with His baptism, witnessing to the world when their blood was spilt. Finally, Cyprian (ca. [171], There is debate among Christian churches as to who can administer baptism. "[176], The discipline of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East is similar to that of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Reminds us of how priests, prophets and kings were anointed in the Old Testament. As you stand in the water waiting to be baptized, first, you symbolize Jesus dying on the cross. 4: Analytical Lexicon of the Greek New Testament. The Complete Word Study Dictionary: New Testament (electronic ed.) "The requisite intention" is, at the minimum level, the intention "to do what the Church does" through the rite of baptism. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. Baker's Greek New Testament Library (87). [150], Some conditions expressly do not affect validityfor example, whether submersion, immersion, affusion (pouring) or aspersion (sprinkling) is used. [32][33] Both of these nouns are derived from the verb baptz (, 'I wash' transitive verb), which is used in Jewish texts for ritual washing, and in the New Testament both for ritual washing and also for the apparently new rite of bptisma. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. When you are baptized, you are visually preaching the gospel. "Churches with Valid, Doubtful and Invalid", "Response of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith", "Catholics, Reformed Christians Publicly Sign Historic Agreement To Recognize Each Other's Baptisms", "Baptism: FAQ, Liturgies, and Certificates", "Response on the validity of baptism conferred by mormons", "The Question Of The Validity Of Baptism Conferred In The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-Day Saints", "Old Brethren follow distinctive practices", "Early Anabaptist Positions on Believer's Baptism and a Challenge for Today", London Baptist Confession of 1644. Aspersion is the sprinkling of water on the head, and affusion is the pouring of water over the head. If he stands for prayer, Allah will raise his status by a degree. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that the use of the verb "to baptize" is essential. Simply stated, it is an outward sign of an inward change. [citation needed], In the Roman Catholic Church, canon law for the Latin Church lays down that the ordinary minister of baptism is a bishop, priest or deacon,[172] but its administration is one of the functions "especially entrusted to the parish priest". The correct interpretation of their words is disputed. Today, the Roman Catholic Church believes that baptism is valid only if the water that a person touches is moving. This is not to say that there is only one baptism in existence. It configures the person to Christ (CCC 1272), and obliges the Christian to share in the church's apostolic and missionary activity (CCC 1270). (1:535). [280][non-primary source needed], Other Hyperdispensationalists[which?] If the water touches only the hair, the sacrament has probably been validly conferred, though in practice the safer course must be followed. [201]:184, A recent trend is to emphasize the transformational aspect of baptism: instead of describing it as just a legal requirement or sign of something that happened in the past, it is seen as "the event that places the believer 'into Christ' where God does the ongoing work of transformation. [142] In the fourth gospel Jesus' discourse with Nicodemus indicates that birth by water and Spirit becomes the gracious means of entry into the place where God rules. Quakers (members of the Religious Society of Friends) do not believe in the baptism of either children or adults with water, rejecting all forms of outward sacraments in their religious life. Corrections? It also symbolizes a person's cleansing of sin and gives a person a chance to openly profess their faith in front of the church, friends, and family. This indicates that the washing of the hands was done by immersing them in collected water. [197]:124[198][200]:31819[203]:195, Churches of Christ have historically had the most conservative position on baptism among the various branches of the Restoration Movement, understanding baptism by immersion to be a necessary part of conversion. [81] References to the cleaning of vessels which use also refer to immersion. 59 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. Zodhiates concludes that the washing of the hands was done by immersing them. terms for washings to cleanse from Levitical impurity, as already in Jdt. In newer church sanctuaries, the baptismal font may be designed to expressly allow for baptism by immersion. However, if knowledge is absent, "those also can attain to salvation who through no fault of their own do not know the Gospel of Christ or His Church, yet sincerely seek God and moved by grace strive by their deeds to do His will as it is known to them through the dictates of conscience. [164], In the eyes of the Catholic Church, all Orthodox Churches, Anglican and Lutheran Churches, the baptism conferred by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is invalid. Friberg, T., Friberg, B., & Miller, N. F. (2000). for they wash () not their hands when they eat bread". Christian baptism is an act of obedience to the Lord after salvation; although baptism is closely associated with salvation, it is not a requirement to be saved. Our entrance into the water during baptism identifies us with Christ's death on the cross, His burial in the tomb and His resurrection from the dead. The word "immersion" is derived from late Latin immersio, a noun derived from the verb immergere (in "into" + mergere "dip"). When he washes his arms to his elbows and his feet to his ankles, he is purified from every sin and fault like the day he was born from his mother. [44] However, according to Mark 1:8, John seems to connect his water baptism as a type of the true, ultimate baptism of Jesus, which is by the Spirit. By wearing a cross the child is protected from evil forces, it invites the grace of the Holy Cross of Christ, it brings His Divine blessing upon the child, it gives the child a sense that he or she belongs to Christ, that he or she has a special identity, that of a Christian, it is a reminder that Christ is always with him/her, it reminds the child that Jesus died on the Cross to save him/her, that Jesus Christ is our Only Savior and the True God. The University of Texas at Austin, College of Liberal Arts, Linguistics Research Center, Spirit Restoration, Theological Terms: A to B Dictionary: "baptize", Online Etymological Dictionary: "baptize", International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: "baptism", Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible: Greek Lexicon, "Becoming a Christian: The Ecumenical Implications of Our Common Baptism", "Church of England: Weddings, Baptisms & Funerals", Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii, "All Orthodox Christians are Given a Cross Following Their Baptism to Wear for Life", "The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans", "Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "The Early Church's Inconsequential View of the Mode of Baptism", "Doctrinal and Physical Marginality in Christian Death: The Burial of Unbaptized Infants in Medieval Italy", "Was Jesus baptized by immersion or sprinkling? [246], Jehovah's Witnesses believe that baptism should be performed by complete immersion (submersion) in water and only when an individual is old enough to understand its significance. [citation needed], In addition, members of the LDS Church do not believe a baptism is valid unless it is performed by a Latter-day Saint one who has proper authority (a priest or elder). ""God's Prophetic Word" District Conventions". 'In the Sept.: 2Kgs. "[185][186] Today all modes of baptism (such as pouring and immersion) can be found among Anabaptists. 'Washing or ablution was frequently by immersion, indicated by either baptz or npt (3538), to wash. Not necessary for salvation but rather is a sign as a Christ's followers. [199]:140 Only those mentally capable of belief and repentance are baptized (i.e., infant baptism is not practiced because the New Testament has no precedent for it). By Baptism we become members of the Church, the Body of Christ. [91], Additionally, in the New Testament only, the verb baptzein can also relate to the neuter noun bptisma "baptism" which is a neologism unknown in the Septuagint and other pre-Christian Jewish texts. Luther's Baptismal Rites. In his encyclical Mystici corporis Christi of June 29, 1943, Pope Pius XII spoke of baptism and profession of the true faith as what makes members of the one true church, which is the body of Jesus Christ himself, as God the Holy Spirit has taught through the Apostle Paul: By contrast, Anabaptist and Evangelical Protestants recognize baptism as an outward sign of an inward reality following on an individual believer's experience of forgiving grace. If that is the case for you, then you might want to consider being re-baptized, following the New Testament command which was to "immerse". [89] In Jewish Greek the verb baptzein "baptized" has a wider reference than just "baptism" and in Jewish context primarily applies to the masculine noun baptisms "ritual washing"[90], The verb baptzein occurs four times in the Septuagint in the context of ritual washing, baptisms; Judith cleansing herself from menstrual impurity, Naaman washing seven times to be cleansed from leprosy, etc. [22] Much more than half of all Christians baptize infants;[a] many others, such as Baptist Churches, regard only believer's baptism as true baptism. In the later Jewish period (b. (1 Peter 2:21) However, baptism does not guarantee salvation. Typical of these is Cyril of Jerusalem who wrote "On the Mysteries of Baptism" in the 4th century (c. 350AD): Do you not know, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ, were baptized into His death? [174] If no ordinary minister is available, a catechist or some other person whom the local ordinary has appointed for this purpose may licitly do the baptism; indeed in a case of necessity any person (irrespective of that person's religion) who has the requisite intention may confer the baptism[175] By "a case of necessity" is meant imminent danger of death because of either illness or an external threat. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. [194], Tennessee antebellum Methodist circuit rider and newspaper publisher William G. Brownlow stated within his 1856 book The Great Iron Wheel Examined; or, Its False Spokes Extracted, and an Exhibition of Elder Graves, Its Builder that the immersion baptism practiced within the Baptist churches as found within the United States did not extend in a "regular line of successionfrom John the Baptist but from old Zeke Holliman and his true yoke-fellow, Mr. [Roger] Williams" as during 1639 Holliman and Williams first immersion baptized each other and then immersion baptized the ten other members of the first Baptist church in British America at Providence, Rhode Island. The radical reformers, however, primarily the Anabaptists, insisted that a person must be sufficiently mature to make a profession of faith before receiving baptism. [140] At the beginning of 1 Peter the writer sets this baptism in the context of obedience to Christ and sanctification by the Spirit. 3. [117]:61 The most significant disagreements concerned the extent to which a correct understanding of the role of baptism is necessary for its validity. Other parallels can also be drawn, such as between the exposed condition of Christ during His crucifixion, and the crucifixion of the "old man" of the repentant sinner in preparation for baptism. Examples are found in mathematics (see. Spiritual Life June 14, 2022 There are three types of baptisms mentioned in the Bible. The Didache 7.13 (AD 60150) allowed for affusion practices in situations where immersion was not practical. (electronic ed.) [73], Scholars of various denominations[74][75][76] claim that these two passages show that invited guests, or people returning from market, would not be expected to immerse themselves ("baptize themselves") totally in water but only to practise the partial immersion of dipping their hands in water or to pour water over them, as is the only form admitted by present Jewish custom. It is derived from the washing of the bell with holy water by the bishop, before he anoints it with the oil of the infirm without and with chrism within; a fuming censer is placed under it and the bishop prays that these sacramentals of the church may, at the sound of the bell, put the demons to flight, protect from storms, and call the faithful to prayer. hide 5 types. [143][144], The vast majority of Christian denominations admit the theological idea that baptism is a sacrament, that has actual spiritual, holy and salvific effects. [49], The name Baptism of Bells has been given to the blessing of (musical, especially church) bells, at least in France, since the 11th century. [citation needed], Oriental Orthodox Churches recognise the validity of baptisms performed within the Eastern Orthodox Communion. The contact may be immersion, "affusion" (pouring), or "aspersion" (sprinkling). [189] For Anabaptists, "believer's baptism consists of three parts, the Spirit, the water, and the bloodthese three witnesses on earth. Therefore, I shall necessarily lay before you the sequel of yesterday's Lecture, that you may learn of what those things, which were done by you in the inner chamber, were symbolic. Baptism is a symbolization of cleansing of the spirit through God's divine forgiveness and a new life through Christ's death, burial, and resurrection. [271] Here John mentions two manners of baptizings and two different baptisms, the one with water, and the other with the Spirit, the one whereof he was the minister of, the other whereof Christ was the minister of: and such as were baptized with the first were not therefore baptized with the second: "I indeed baptize you, but he shall baptize you." But some other organizations and individuals are practicing debaptism. Much ink was spilled around 1900 arguing that the rituals of baptism and of the Last Supper derived from the ancient Mysteries, but Nock and others after him have easily shown that these attempts grossly misinterpreted the sources. Ministerial Association, The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Silver Spring, Maryland, 1997), 199. [207], The Methodist Articles of Religion, with regard to baptism, teach:[208], Baptism is not only a sign of profession and mark of difference whereby Christians are distinguished from others that are not baptized; but it is also a sign of regeneration or the new birth. 4:6, 17 etc., of the dipping of unsanctified vessels in water in the laws of purification at Lv. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. [128] They also state that only submersion reflects the symbolic significance of being "buried" and "raised" with Christ. Looking for informed guidance here, not opinions or hot takes: I asked my priest to baptize my child using the 1962 Missal, not recalling that Roche's Responsum prohibits celebration of baptism/marriage using the older form. See Luke 11:38 which refers to washing one's hands before the meal, with the use of baptzomai, to have the hands baptized. [5][6][7] The synoptic gospels recount that John the Baptist baptised Jesus. A sacrament and means of grace. Others, of the Anabaptist belief, use "immersion" to mean exclusively plunging someone entirely under the surface of the water. The initiation was preceded by a normal bathing in the public baths and a ceremonial sprinkling by the priest of Isis, after which the candidate was given secret instructions in the temple of the goddess. Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers. The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People. [55][56] The term "immersion" is also used of a form of baptism in which water is poured over someone standing in water, without submersion of the person. Christians consider Jesus to have instituted the sacrament of baptism. The forms and rituals of the various Christian churches vary, but baptism almost invariably involves the use of water and the Trinitarian invocation, "I baptize you: In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." [17][18] It has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations. Older converts to Orthodoxy are usually formally baptized into the Orthodox Church, though exceptions are sometimes made. St. Thomas Aquinas gives this definition: "Baptism is the external ablution of the body, performed with the prescribed form of words.". [237] In 2022 the Diocese of Phoenix accepted the resignation of a parish priest whose use of "we baptize" had invalidated "thousands of baptisms over more than 20 years". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 10 compiled by Ronald Pitkin. The Lord taught the significance of baptism to the extent that He Himself was baptized by John the Baptist at the start of His ministry ( Mark 1:9 ). 59 edited by Gerhard Friedrich. All rivers are named Jordan (yardena) and are believed to be nourished by the World of Light. They consider baptism to constitute ordination as a minister. By the river bank, a Mandaean's forehead is anointed with sesame oil (misha) and partakes in a communion of bread (pihta) and water. Vols. | Learn from God's Word", "What is the Kingdom of God? This indicates that the washing of the hands was done by immersing them in collected water. Also stress the necessity of a "second" Baptism of a special outpouring from the Holy Spirit. [225], In Catholic teaching, baptism is stated to be "necessary for salvation by actual reception or at least by desire". Since New Testament times a variety of forms of baptism have developed. 12:7; Gk. The church recognizes two equivalents of baptism with water: "baptism of blood" and "baptism of desire". Most Christians baptize using the trinitarian formula "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit"[21] (following the Great Commission), but Oneness Pentecostals baptize using Jesus' name only. [213] Wesleyan covenant theology further teaches that baptism is a sign and a seal of the covenant of grace:[214], Of this great new-covenant blessing, baptism was therefore eminently the sign; and it represented "the pouring out" of the Spirit, "the descending" of the Spirit, the "falling" of the Spirit "upon men," by the mode in which it was administered, the pouring of water from above upon the subjects baptized. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Baptism is an outward sign of Christian initiation and church membership. [citation needed], Regarding rebaptism the general rules are:[citation needed], For newborns, there is a ceremony called child dedication. Although there is no actual account of the institution of baptism by Jesus, the Gospel According to Matthew portrays the risen Christ issuing the Great Commission to his followers: Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you (Matthew 28:1920). Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost (the LDS Church does not teach a belief in the. AD 256) explicitly stated that the amount of water was inconsequential and defended immersion, affusion, and aspersion practices (Epistle 75.12). Baptism. [49] Current canonical law requires the Trinitarian formula and water for validity. Random Term from the Dictionary: BAPTISM, MATTER AND FORM Natural water that is poured or sprinkled on a person, or in which a person is immersed, is the matter or material element necessary for. When he washes his face, the sins of his hearing and sight fall down with the first drop. In Mark 7:4 the verb wash in 'except they wash' is baptzomai, to immerse. [229] A person who knowingly, willfully and unrepentantly rejects baptism has no hope of salvation. This teaching is based on the Gospel according to John which says that Jesus proclaimed: "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of God. 3:11), the "baptism" of the Israelites in the cloud and the sea (1 Cor. One of two sacraments. [citation needed] Then anyone may baptize, provided, in the view of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the person who does the baptizing is a member of that church, or, in the view of the Catholic Church, that the person, even if not baptized, intends to do what the church does in administering the rite. A public expression of faith for a person who has committed to follow Jesus. The significance of baptism as a New Testament ceremony is that, as believers in Jesus Christ, we are baptized into His death ( Romans 6:3) and raised to walk in newness of life ( Romans 6:4 KJV ). "[227] It dates back to the teachings and practices of 1st-century Christians, and the connection between salvation and baptism was not, on the whole, an item of major dispute until Huldrych Zwingli denied the necessity of baptism, which he saw as merely a sign granting admission to the Christian community. [38], The practice of baptism emerged from Jewish ritualistic practices during the Second Temple Period, out of which figures such as John the Baptist emerged. Submersion only; typical candidates are baptized at district and circuit conventions. [57][58][60], The word submersion comes from the late Latin (sub- "under, below" + mergere "plunge, dip")[61] and is also sometimes called "complete immersion". Accessed July 29, 2009: Catechism of the Catholic Church: THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM. Mormonism rejects infant baptism[265][266] and baptism must occur after the age of accountability, defined in Latter-day Saint scripture as eight years old. Through Baptism we are freed from sin and reborn as sons of God; we become members of Christ, are incorporated into the Church and made sharers in her mission: "Baptism is the sacrament of regeneration through water and in the word." 5 I. W hat I s T his S acrament C alled ? (165). [45], By the third and fourth centuries, baptism involved catechetical instruction as well as chrismation, exorcisms, laying on of hands, and recitation of a creed. [135] Similarly, in what may well be a baptismal pattern, 1 Peter testifies that proclamation of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and teaching about new life[136] lead to purification and new birth. 1. It is also usual to distinguish the remote matter and the proximate matter. [112] O wondrous thing! Latter-day Saints believe that baptism must be by full immersion, and by a precise ritualized ordinance: if some part of the participant is not fully immersed, or the ordinance was not recited verbatim, the ritual must be repeated. The last partwater and the . 1. The Catechism of the Catholic Church describes these two forms:[241]. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. This offer is believed to be intact even when it is not received in faith by the person baptized. Updates? Orthodox likewise believe that baptism removes what they call the ancestral sin of Adam. "[117]:p.66 Thus, they see baptism as a passive act of faith rather than a meritorious work; it "is a confession that a person has nothing to offer God". The origin and foundation of Christian Baptism is Jesus. [citation needed], Newer movements of Protestant Evangelical churches, particularly non-denominational, allow laypeople to baptize. [245], Properly and generally, the Mystery of Baptism is administered by bishops and other priests; however, in emergencies any Orthodox Christian can baptize. [279][non-primary source needed], Many in this group[who?] All the sins we have committed. It may be poured over the person or the person may be immersed in it. According to the Gospels, John the Baptist baptized Jesus. [249], Most baptisms among Jehovah's Witnesses are performed at scheduled assemblies and conventions by elders and ministerial servants, in special pools, or sometimes oceans, rivers, or lakes, depending on circumstances,[250][251][252] and rarely occur at local Kingdom Halls. [262] Authority is passed down through a form of apostolic succession. New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law By John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, Thomas J. "[232], In the Catholic Church by baptism all sins are forgiven, original sin and all personal sins. Latin Church Catholics generally baptize by affusion (pouring); Eastern Catholics usually by submersion, or at least partial immersion. 26 I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit inside you. However, it is a common practice for both infants and adults. [235], The power of Baptism consists in cleansing a man from all his sins as regards both guild and punishment, for which reason no penance is imposed on those who receive Baptism, no matter how great their sins may have been. [citation needed], In the Eastern Catholic Churches, a deacon is not considered an ordinary minister. 4. The Catholic holds that there are three types of baptism by which one can be saved: sacramental baptism (with water), baptism of desire (explicit or implicit desire to be part of the church founded by Jesus Christ), and baptism of blood (martyrdom). [117]:66, Churches of Christ consistently teach that in baptism a believer surrenders his life in faith and obedience to God, and that God "by the merits of Christ's blood, cleanses one from sin and truly changes the state of the person from an alien to a citizen of God's kingdom. [338], Thus the practice is derivative, whether from Judaism, the Mysteries or a combination (see the reference to Hellenistic Judaism in the Etymology section. 1964c1976. Baptism is not a human work; it is the place where God does the work that only God can do. 31(34):30. and become tech. Apuleius, a 2nd-century Roman writer, described an initiation into the mysteries of Isis. [146], Use of the Trinitarian formula "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" is also considered essential; thus these churches do not accept as valid baptisms of non-Trinitarian churches such as Oneness Pentecostals. The Secretariat of General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (Hagerstown, Maryland: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2016), p.44, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, texts from within a religion or faith system, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Sixth Ecumenical Council (Synod) of Constantinople, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, when the one being baptized is in immediate danger of death, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. [191][192] Baptism does not accomplish anything in itself, but is an outward personal sign that the person's sins have already been washed away by the blood of Christ's cross. Baptism is considered to be a form of rebirth"by water and the Spirit"[114]the nakedness of baptism (the second birth) paralleled the condition of one's original birth. [226] The formula requires "I baptize" rather than "we baptize", as clarified by a responsum of June 24, 2020. [citation needed] For example, Martin Luther said: To put it most simply, the power, effect, benefit, fruit, and purpose of Baptism is to save.
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