when did the oklahoma land rush end

It did not matter whose land it was originally. Some of them were involved in treaties with the government about how the land would be used and who would get acess to what land. Right its right at the end of the movie. And then it's flashed to modern day and there's the Boomer Sooner riding across the football field. 1st, 1893. So anyway, at noon on-- they blew the-- they blew revelry on the bugle and the rush started. Woman 2 in Audience: So they started agriculture. It actually was not signed that day it was actually passed by Congress that day. Ive seen lots of pictures of homesteaders, none of them looked like Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman. And if I said that I probably should have found a better term. The line was continuous for many miles and the dust rolled over them and all were of one color of grime. Unique to Oklahoma were the famous land runs when entire districts were opened to settlement on a given day on a first-come basis. The government used this land to remove other tribes from their original homelands and place them on reservations. David L. Payne helped launch the campaign to open the Unassigned Lands in Indian Territory to homesteaders. [chuckles]. But we can learn from that and we can make sure that kind of stuff doesn't happen again. So there have been lots of movies that depict the land rush. 47 barbers, 28 surveyors, 29 real estate agents, and 11 dentists. And they began to put pressure on their elected representatives to-- to stop wasting good land on Indians, basically is how some people put it. So that's pretty interesting. There obviously was some-- there obviously were some crops that did very well there. There may have been one building here and one building there. Much of the land that is now Oklahoma was used to relocate various Indian nations during the nineteenth century. Boudinot died in Fort Smith on September 27, 1890, just a year after the first land run. But of course, how do you survey 2 million acres of land in five weeks? And so why they chose April 22nd, I dont know. The Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1889, by John Steuart Curry depicts the smaller, earlier land rush of 1889 The 1893 Land Rush was the largest of the four sponsored by the government, this time across the Cherokee grazing lands of the northwest corner of the Territory. Because some tribal factions with the Confederacy during the war, the US government viewed all of the tribes as enemies who should be punished. And I think that's really pretty much how it was based on everything that I can-- that Ive done for this. During an early expedition, Payne and his followers erected a stockade, platted their town, and began opening the fields for planting before soldiers from Fort Reno arrested the group and escorted them to Kansas. But the people who went in too soon were the Sooners. Relevance North American tribes, c. 1700 (map courtesy of PBS Learning Media). This is the 93 rush I just talked about that was-- had over 100,000 people. You see about three seconds of American Indians. This is from Harper's Weekly just a few weeks after the land rush. And they were--a lot of these were agricultural tribes. And again, treaties with the government, as far as American Indians are concerned, were not necessarily worth the paper they were printed on. Moved by the same impulse each driver lashed his horses furiously. Date Released [audience laughs] That's from Harper's Weekly right after the land rush. "Notwithstanding the assertions of the soldiers that every Boomer had been driven out of Oklahoma. This photo here [points at presentation] is actually from the September 16, 1893 rush which was for the Cherokee Strip which was a strip of land up in-- sort of in northern Oklahoma near what we think of now is the Panhandle. [chuckles]. So that's a good sort of description. Most leaders and people in the United States deeply objected to tribal members refusal to accept private property. Because we have footage, you know real footage, of the Oklahoma land rush and you can see these wagons just sort of tearing across the prairie. They had been surveyed; there were cornerstones put out. According to this view, the people who would use the land the "best" should get the land. Well, the areas that-- where the quarter sections were marked off were marked. And so of course you can imagine what kinds of businesses were opening up. [clears throat]. So anyway this is--my office mate is an Oklahoma grad so she was very happy to see me put this in the PowerPoint. And so those land offices were going to be very important because for the homestead to be legal all of the paperwork had to be done. About 820,000 square miles for 15 million dollars. On September 16, 1893, the largest land run in history begins with more than 100,000 people pouring into the Cherokee Strip of Oklahoma to claim valuable land that had once belonged to Native . The other interesting thing about Far and Away though [clears throat] is you see the violence. Roughly 12,000 quarter sections or twelve thousand 160-acre plots of land were set to be available on April 22nd and there were approximately 50,000 people there vying for them. Todd: Oh agriculture. And this of course was the famous purchase of the entire Louisiana Territory made by the Thomas Jefferson administration from Napoleon Bonaparte and the French government. So those land offices in Guthrie and Kingfisher and other places later on would be very important. Where these tribes were forcibly removed out of the Southeast and moved out to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. And so I kind of tongue in cheek here say the stars stopped shining and the river stopped flowing. That actually is almost quoted from a gentleman that speaks in the new film. Raised in New England following his fathers assassination, Elias C. Boudinot studied law and dabbled in politics. I'm the park service historian here at Homestead National Monument of America. So there actually were people that were going into Oklahoma on trains. [points to presentation] I dont even know if it is from Oklahoma. These people were nicknamed "Sooners". And so, the first-- the legal-- the Boomer, the legal guy says 'Well, what's this all about?' The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture This approach led to some severe inequalities within the tribe, but it also ensured a subsistence for everyone. Did he have to make a land rush? 68310. 53 physicians, 97 lawyers, more lawyers than anything, go figure. And they determined that since not everybody had access to a horse or a wagon or something like that, they would allow trains to go in, but they could only go 15 miles an hour maximum because that's about the rate that the horse can run. Most American Indian cultures didnt really view land as something that could be owned by an individual person; it belonged to everybody. The land in Indian Territory was owned by the tribe as a whole and all the citizens had access to use it in providing for their families. There's a lot of impact on the native tribes that were on the land before the homesteaders. So these emissaries really were faced with a difficult decision which was: do we really have the authority to basically say yes well give you an additional 6 million dollars over what we'd been authorized to spend. And they began to really-- they began to build up-- build the area up and by May 2nd of 1890 Oklahoma territory was officially established by the U.S. government. And they are now encouraging white settlers, white homesteaders to come and actually take land in Oklahoma. ", And then one last from the Manhattan Kansas National List, another newspaper. So anyway, but yeah you don't see that in the-- Far and Away. Now there were five so-called Civilized Tribes that were directly affected by the Oklahoma Land Rush. As I said, the border towns kind of got crowded with all of the Boomers getting ready to make the land rush. And the idea was that instead of massive sort of communally owned tribal reservations, each head of household and each head of each Indian household would be given 160 acres just like a homesteader. The Supreme Court found, in a series of cases, that while the federal government has some authority over the different tribes, the tribes also have a fundamental right to make decisions about their citizens. Because there was so much land and really so few people that were out here to take advantage of it. [audience laughs] Long before he was supposed to be there. Whether it was three weeks before or three minutes before would not, if they were caught of course, would be kicked out and would not be able to come back to take a homestead there. So I was a little surprised that he agreed to that, but anyway it's in there. Long before women could even vote. So any other questions? And then really, almost literally by the night-- the end of the day on April 22nd all of these towns that are still in existence in Oklahoma were-- had been begun. That's a good question and I didn't even think about that. But it's a pretty interesting chapter in American history. "in the United States was broken down. But it had very bad impacts on other people as well. They didn't really go in with bayonets and say get out. Did they have to put a stake in or pull lit up and take it or how was that? This law instructed the president to negotiate with the tribes and arrange for their removal to Indian Territory. This led to the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889, with land runs by new white settlers vying for Native American lands. Although the different tribes effectively challenged the military power of the United States for decades, ultimately each tribe lost. Well by 1889 everybody knew about homesteading, everybody wanted land, everybody knew that all this land was gonna open up at noon on April 22nd. The Dawes Act basically was sort of thought to be an Indian Homestead Act. Beatrice, But that is that is a big part of-- not just Oklahoma that's a big part of homesteading history really is-- that it was great for millions of people. Before the Land Runs | Oklahoma Historical Society That's where we get the term claim jumpers. So a lot of them began to think about selling land or ceding land to the U.S. government trying to get anything they could for it, basically. A lot of people did make claims, not only in Oklahoma, but in other places illegally. The flag was really just to plant in the ground to say someone has claimed this. Which they did do in 1830 in-- to these five tribes in the Southeast. Because they go in too soon. Basically to get land unfairly. And so for that reason the Oklahoma land rush is something that's really important to the history that we deal with here every day. Todd: They weren't necess-- they weren't really moved per say. By 1934, 270 million acres of land had been given away by the United States government. Saloons and that kind of stuff were opening up on every street corner to keep people occupied and to keep 'em busy until April 22nd. Carried by all kinds of transportation - horses, wagons, trains, bicycles or on foot - an estimated 100,000 raced to claim plots of land in an area of land in northern Oklahoma Territory known as the Cherokee Strip. [1] A lot of them had written constitutions. One of the interesting things about Harrisons proclamation was that he did specifically state in the proclamation that anyone that went into the land that was gonna be opened on April 22nd before the land was officially opened. I'd be happy to try to answer your questions if you have any. So yeah, it's some-- but like I said this is one case where it seems like Hollywood kind of has gotten it right. The army is actually sent in. As cotton production became more profitable, whites in the southeast began demanding their state and federal governments do something to allow them to take control of the land. [audience laughs] They probably were a little cattycorner because these guys are trained in cavalry tactics, they're not trained to be land surveyors. Im not sure. And this would then sort of begin to encourage them to assimilate more quickly into American society. Which was the night before. And you know this is one-- this is one of those rare episodes in history where Hollywood has kind of gotten it right actually. [clears throat]. This is where we get the--sort of the famous Trail of Tears. . On April 22, 1889, at noon sharp, a bugle sounded, and hopeful settlers surged across the territory line. Most people believed that living according to European beliefs was the "highest" form of civilization possible. So in fact I was appalled that our Superintendent actually signed off on about a three second clip of the Boomer Sooner schooner wagon there in a Oklahoma game going into our film. On April 20, 2008 Historian Todd Arrington gave a presentation about the history of the Oklahoma Land Rushes. I know they claimed it. This was from a someone-- a reporter that was actually there to see it. Their own kind of little piece. And so they could say, this is-- here's 160 here, here's 160 there. That all these people just made this mad dash for Kansas, and Texas, and Arkansas, states that border Oklahoma to get ready. But the flag-- the idea of the flag was really just to plant it there so that everybody else knew that this land was taken. For example, like when the Creeks and the Seminoles sold two-- almost 2,000,000 acres back to the government. But this is of course one area of his record or his administration that his administration that perhaps is not seen quite as positively now as it once was. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act. So you have to go find somewhere else to go. Now in Oklahoma, the five tribes, the Five Civilized Tribes didnt actually have to adhere to the Dawes Act until after the turn of the 20th century. Topics include: the Louisiana Purchase, the Trail of Tears, the Dawes Act, border towns and surveying the land, firsthand accounts of the land rushes, and Hollywood depictions of the Oklahoma land rush. And he managed to get the Federalist nominated Congress to agree to spend up to 9 million dollars for the city of New Orleans. And fortunately, Jefferson was pleased. One is there was a good amount of fraud involved in homesteading. I know it was a Monday maybe they just wanted to start the week off right. Cleveland had basically said he thought it was a good idea. Thanks everybody for coming out today to Homestead National Monument of America. You see the guys, claim jumpers, shooting other people. Anyway, I'm not sure how many of those stories there are. April 22 The Oklahoma land rush begins This Day In History April | 22 Choose another date 1889 The Oklahoma land rush begins At precisely high noon, thousands of would-be settlers make a mad. It was nothing like that. But in 1830 Andrew Jackson was President and he signed an Indian Removal bill that basically kicked these tribes out of their--these traditional homelands because they lived on very good farmland. So out of that roughly 820,000 square miles of Louisiana Territory about 70,000 square miles is what we now call the state of Oklahoma which is right here [pointing to a map]. Well this is where the Boomer Sooner comes from. Just a year away from the official closing of the frontier with the 1890 Census (via PBS ), millions of acres of unassigned Indian Territory enticed settlers from all over the world. And you see people in the background getting shot. This is the picture I was telling you I would show you [points at presentation]. Some of these little towns that had 50 or 100 residents suddenly had 20 or 30 thousand. We passed populous towns built in an hour whose thousands must have had a distressful night on the bare earth. So a lot of these lands that had been sold back to the government or had been ceded to the government were then designed to be opened up to settlement by white farmers, by homesteaders. Land run - Wikipedia Oklahoma Historical Society800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 | 405-521-2491Site Index | Contact Us | Privacy | Press Room | Website Inquiries, Get Updates in Your Inbox Keep up to date with our weekly newsletter delivered straight to your inbox. It's really important to the history that we talk about here at Homestead. And a lot of--some tribes lost up to 30 or 40 percent of their populations on these treks from their homes to the Indian Territory. Now again those surveys were probably not the most professionally done surveys because they had to do a lot of surveys in a very short amount of time. Boudinots letter spread to other papers throughout the United States, motivating David Payne and other homesteaders to seek land in the territory. [audience laughs] So, go figure. And because all these people sort of showed up out of nowhere to start getting ready for the land rush. Listen to a recorded reading of this page. This was now their land. And so it lands in Harrisons lap and he signs it on March 23, 1889. So it was kind of tricky and I mean if treatment of American Indians is basically a black eye in this country's history. But the next time you're talking to Oklahoma fans let 'em know that their name-- their team's named after a bunch of cheaters. The horsemen had the best of it from the start. That they could be homesteaders. Now we see here, and I actually have a typo in the--in one of the statements here that these lands opened to settlement by Indian Appropriations bill signed on May--March 2, 1889. He was here. And by the time they had reached the horizon they were scattered as far as the eye could see. And of course, American Indians were very familiar with promises from the U.S. government [audience chuckles] that were not often honored. All the people, all the conversations, all the horses and you can just imagine. And so they were trying to make sure that nobody got in there illegally. Well of course youre going to open it up to farmers. And made each person the head of a household. There was a continuous line of vehicles like the supply train of an army. It was a little different then for-- like sometimes when people come here to Homestead [National Monument of America] they think Daniel Freeman who homesteaded this property where the park is built. So he sent emissaries to Paris really to negotiate for the purchase of just the city of New Orleans. And say--they can say, this is mine and thats yours. And that is certainly not the way that most American Indian cultures viewed land ownership. And there's a photo here that Ill show you later on that actually shows you some of the trains in the background. Sort By: And then 160 acres or six feet they didn't-- nobody cared. And then the one quote here talks about that there were a good number of women. People were able to go into Oklahoma on horseback, on foot, in wagons. White settlers were not allowed to use this land. So basically, the government was making a promise to them that they would be on this land forever. A large number of women were among the company and among these we noticed one who hobbled on a crutch. Oklahoma Land Rush | History | tutor2u They basically had begun to try to assimilate into the mainstream of American society. They are pretty serious about football down there too. So as long as there was more land that could be taken there was more land that could be given away to homesteaders. You see the horses and the wagons and I don't remember if the trains are in there. And there were a lot of people that wanted land and so you can see that. One of the major land rushes occurred in Oklahoma on April 22, 1889. And sure enough by 1887 things began to change for--not only for these tribes, but for natives all over the country with the passage of the Dawes Act.
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