where did your religion originated and who founded it

[181][182] Thereafter, the question became heavily and bitterly debated. In archival footage, primatologist and anthropologist Jane Goodall describes the well-known waterfall dance which has been widely observed in chimpanzees. Buddhist monks launch a sky lantern during the Yee Peng Festival in Chiang Mai. [281] Christians unable to pay these taxes were forced to surrender their children to the Muslim rulers as payment who would sell them as slaves to Muslim households where they were forced to convert to Islam. On the one hand, it was a time of great artistic patronage and architectural magnificence, where the Church commissioned such artists as Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Bramante, Raphael, Fra Angelico, Donatello, and Leonardo da Vinci. [1] Christianity remained a Jewish sect for centuries, diverging gradually from Judaism over doctrinal, social and historical differences. The inclusion of these texts, and the claim of some mistranslations, contributed to the Septuagint being seen as a "careless" translation and its eventual rejection as a valid Jewish scriptural text.[43][113]. [2], The concept of "religion" was formed in the 16th and 17th centuries. [14], Various Christological debates about the human and divine nature of Jesus consumed the Christian Church for three centuries, and seven ecumenical councils were called to resolve these debates. Of course, nurturing is arguably seen in species of fish, crocodiles, and snakes, but the nurturing capabilities of mammals is really a giant leap forward in the evolutionary story. But this is a misguided way of talking about altruism, de Waal says. First, Im going to take a look at Hinduism. [187], In the centuries following his death, Theodosius I (347395) gained a reputation as the emperor who established Nicene Christianity as the official religion of the empire. This is no less true of religion. But the world religions I know of Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam were bigger than a single city or even a single region of the world. [220][221][222] Some scholars have held Theodosius responsible for his prefect's behavior. However, these rights and privileges, including freedom of worship and religious organisation, were often established in principle but seldom corresponded to reality. In his book The Bonobo and the Atheist, the primatologist Frans de Waal shares a funny story about participating in a panel hosted by the American Academy of Religion. Rather than view animal behaviour as altruistic, and therefore springing from a sense of empathy, we should, these wise scientists tell us, see this behaviour for what it is: selfishness. In Eusebius' church history, there is a bold claim of a Constantinian campaign against the temples, however, there are discrepancies in the evidence. Catholic missions were carried to new places beginning with the new Age of Discovery, and the Roman Catholic Church established missions in the Americas. [75][77][78], This is one of several reasons Christianity gradually grew apart from Judaism during the first three centuries of the Christian Era, along with other issues such as that the majority of Jews did not see Jesus as Messiah, Christianity did not support the Jews in their rebellion against Rome, and Christianity blamed Judaism's rejection of Jesus as the reason for the Temple's destruction. The council was "pastoral" in nature, interpreting dogma in terms of its scriptural roots, revising liturgical practices, and providing guidance for articulating traditional Church teachings in contemporary times. In this view, the path toward moksha seems enjoyable. Orangutans broke away about 13-16 million years ago, while the gorilla line branched away about 8-9 million years ago. Confucianism, in particular, emphasizes public moral behavior, good government, and social responsibility. We need to focus less on questions about Big Gods and creeds, and more on questions about the capacities that emerged in our ancient ancestors that allowed them to achieve a religious way of being together. The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Reformation were the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anglican traditions, though the latter group identifies as both "Reformed" and "Catholic", and some subgroups reject the classification as "Protestant". Before they could be installed, these Popes had to be approved by the head of State, the Byzantine emperor. Join 900,000+ Future fans by liking us onFacebook, or follow us onTwitterorInstagram. Although the neocortex figures prominently in many theories of the evolution of religion, Turner says the more important alterations concerned the subcortical parts of the brain, which gave hominins the capacity to experience a broader range of emotions. [169] He campaigned against corruption, instituted several reforms and rebuilding projects, but is best known for attempting to revive Greco-Roman Paganism in the Roman Empire. They likely were unaware that their conversion to Christianity entailed the complete and irrevocable renunciation of their ancestral religious beliefs and practices. Understand what the Tao is, who founded Taoism,. Women prepare food for the homeless during a charity Christmas dinner (Credit: Getty). It began, writes de Waal, with the synchronisation of bodies, running when others run, laughing when others laugh, crying when others cry, or yawning when others yawn. Having done some research on the common features of early agrarian cities, Im interested in finding out why all civilizations adopted some sort of religion and how these religions spread over vast regions. [278] Scholars refer to this shift as a "seismic moment". The sharing of food is common in many world religions - and it may reflect some prehistoric preoccupations (Credit: Getty). [326][327] Significant missionary activity took place after Charlemagne defeated the Avar Khaganate several times at the end of the 8th century and beginning of the ninth centuries. "[247][248][note 7] By the fifth century, the founding of hospitals for the poor had become common for bishops, abbots and abbesses. Our ape line evolved from our last common ancestor around 19 million years ago. Galileo's part in the controversies over his theological and philosophical positions culminated in his trial and sentencing in 1633, on a grave suspicion of heresy. vi1. [280] This vast empire was an autocratically ruled theocracy dependent on the back-breaking labor of an army of peasants. The Albigensian Crusade targeted the heretical Cathars of southern France; in combination with the Inquisition set up in its aftermath, it succeeded in exterminating them. [302] The iconoclastic movement destroyed much of the Christian Church's early artistic history. [264] With its autocratic government, stable farm economy, Greek heritage and Orthodox Christianity, the Byzantine Empire lasted until 1453 and the Fall of Constantinople. Beginning in the late 8th century under Charlemagne, it continued into the 9th century under his son, Louis the Pious. An ober-procurator appointed by the tsar ran the committee which governed the Church between 1721 and 1918: the Most Holy Synod. [372] The Lollards, a Proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of Wycliffe, played a role in the English Reformation. Dharmaization (Hindu-Buddhist Indianization), Christological debates about the human and divine nature of Jesus, that was both supported and opposed by the Christian churches, more than two billion Christians worldwide, Christianity has become the world's largest religion, the influence of Christianity has progressively waned in the Western world, Historical background of the New Testament, flee to the mountains in the north (Mark 13:14), Development of the Christian biblical canon, Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire, Religious policies of Constantine the Great, revive Greco-Roman Paganism in the Roman Empire, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions, persecutions of Christians under Diocletian, A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation, forced many Christians to convert to Islam, were executed under the Islamic death penalty, Muslim women have been forbidden from marrying Christian or Jewish men, Eastern Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world, There was a renewed interest in classical Greek philosophy, Medieval history of Christianity High Middle Ages (8001300), technological advancement and diffusion in medieval Europe, Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy, conflict between secular and religious powers, Medieval history of Christianity Late Middle Ages (13001499), denouncing the abuses and corruption of the Catholic Church, Persecution of Christians Ottoman Empire, History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Christians fleeing Constantinople, roots of corruption within the Catholic Church, relationship between religion and science, Puritan migration to New England (162040), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Persecution of Christians in Nazi Germany, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union, Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany, History of Christianity of the Late Modern era, persecution of Christians in the Middle East, Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Countries by percentage of Protestant Christians, developments that they regarded as a drift away from historical Christianity, Rise of Christianity during the Fall of Rome, Role of the Christian Church in civilization, "Part III: The Boundaries of Tolerance and Intolerance in Early America Native Freedom? Ullmann, Walter. ", "The figure () is an allegory of Christ as the shepherd", Everett Ferguson, "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in, H. J. The history of Hinduism is often divided into periods of development. Srodecki, Paul, and Norbert Kersken, eds. JSTOR. [20] Christianity played a prominent role in the development of Western civilization, particularly in Europe from late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Just how much past are Christians reminded of? Also part of this was the development of new yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It is also interesting that the four paths in life arent just about spirituality and God. The colonization with the most impact in the New World was that of Protestant English Puritans in North America. So why wouldnt they also have feelings of some kind of spirituality, which is really being amazed at things outside yourself? Arent the animals just acting in their own best interests? How far back to these tendencies go? In addition to being the head of the Church, the pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers, and pontiffs such as Julius II often waged campaigns to protect and expand their temporal domains. This belief is based on Matthew 16:18, when Jesus Christ said to Peter: "And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not . Second-order elaborations are even more complex, and occurred in the evolution from Homo erectus (1.8 million years ago) to Homo sapiens (about 200,000 years ago). [282], In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the Byzantine Empire of this period forms one of the high points of Christian history and Christian civilization,[298] and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size, wealth, and culture. [344], Modern western universities have their origins directly in the Medieval Church. Our religious services of today may seem worlds away from the mammalian play and empathy that emerged in our deep past, and indeed institutionalised religion is much more advanced than a so-called waterfall dance. Donatists argued that Christian clergy must be faultless for their ministry to be effective and their prayers and sacraments to be valid. History of Protestantism - Wikipedia Both provided a pathway and documents (texts) on how to earn salvation in this case, by ending the cycle of reincarnation. [134] Constantine played an active role in the leadership of the Church. The Counter-Reformation was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation. [98] Contemporary support for Bauer's Thesis includes the well known author Bart Ehrman, and in popular American culture, the Bauer-Ehrman thesis is the prevailing paradigm. Pollution was only associated with sacrifice, and the ban on sacrifice had fixed boundaries and limits. Although Baptists do not constitute a single church or denominational structure, most . [204][205] The law was addressed only to Rufinus in the East, it makes no mention of Christianity, and it focuses only on practices of private domestic sacrifice: the lares, the penates and the genius. Learn all about Taoism and the history of this religion. the Good Shepherd, Baptism, and the Eucharistic meal the Orant figures (women praying with upraised hands) probably came directly from pagan art. Empathy is not primarily in the head. Literature and censorship in Renaissance England, Andrew Hadfield, Palgrave Books, 2001. Under the state atheism of countries in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, Christians of many denominations experienced persecution, with many churches and monasteries being destroyed, as well as clergy being executed. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century played a major role in the rapid spread of the Protestant Reformation under leaders such as Martin Luther (14831546) and John Calvin (15091564). Fahlbusch, Erwin, and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. We modern humans share 99% of our genes with living chimpanzees which means were the two most closely related apes in the whole line. If indeed you can improve your lot in the next life by living well in this one, why dwell on how miserable your life is now if you can focus on having a better one next time around? what the future of religion could be like. 166-8, II. [282] The attitude of the Nestorians "who have no other king but the Arabs", he contrasted with the Greek Orthodox Church, whose emperors he said "had never cease to make war against the Arabs. For the magazine, see, Toggle Early Christianity (c. 31/33324) subsection, Toggle Late antiquity (325476) subsection, Toggle Early Middle Ages (476842) subsection, Toggle High Middle Ages (8001299) subsection, Toggle Late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance (13001520) subsection, Toggle Early modern period (c. 1500c. History of the Roman Catholic Church - Learn Religions Restorationism refers to the belief that a purer form of Christianity should be restored using the early church as a model. And while Turner acknowledges it might be pushing it to refer to a chimpanzee waterfall dance or carnival as Ritual with a capital R, it is possible to affirm that these ritual-like behavioural propensities suggest that some of what is needed for religious behaviour is part of the genome of chimpanzees, and hence, hominins. The Oxford English dictionary defines religion as "the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods." 1 Under this definition, Buddhism and atheism would not be viewed as religions. I. And we can see the same with discussions of social norms. [28] Today, there are more than two billion Christians worldwide[29] and Christianity has become the world's largest religion. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. We regularly participate in modes of reality in which we willingly bracket out the real world. [235], Monasticism is a form of asceticism whereby one renounces worldly pursuits and goes off alone as a hermit or joins a tightly organized community of the like-minded. [132] Constantine was over 40, had most likely been a traditional polytheist, and according to Brown, was a savvy and ruthless politician when he declared himself a Christian. [123] The early rejection of images, and the necessity to hide Christian practice from persecution, left behind few written records, but art in the catacombs beneath Rome reveals some aspects of early Christianity and its evolution. [136][137], Contemporary scholars are in general agreement that Constantine did not support the suppression of paganism by force. This appears to be the largest group size that can be maintained through grooming alone, he says. History of Hinduism - Wikipedia Commonly known as "friars", mendicants live under a monastic rule with traditional vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience but they emphasize preaching, missionary activity, and education. A number of nobles reacted violently; 52 were executed. [109] Andreas J. Kstenberger and Michael J. Kruger advocate that "the earliest normative Christianity centered on Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection for the forgiveness of sin. [12] By the middle of the fourth century, it is likely that Christians comprised somewhere around half of the empire's population. The hunters feel proud to have done well and shared with their family; those who prepared the food are recognised and appreciated; everyones belly is getting filled and feeling good; and so many positive social interactions are taking place. One possibility is that by about 100 BCE, the population in Afro-Eurasia had climbed to over a million. Nevertheless, the dictionary also defines religion as "a particular system of faith and worship" and "a . [320][321] Dominicans came to dominate the new universities; they traveled about preaching against heresy, and eventually became notorious for their participation in the Medieval Inquisition, the Albigensian Crusade and the Northern crusades. This destigmatized illness and legitimized the deviance from the norm that sickness includes. [7] In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan expressing tolerance for all religions thereby legalizing Christian worship. [394] Consequently, England experienced periods of reform and also Counter-Reformation. Taoism has been connected to the philosopher Lao Tzu, who around 500 B.C.E. [125][124] Judith Anne Testa writes that the difference is that "The Jewish faith puts little emphasis on immortality, and pagan beliefs about the afterlife were vague, uncertain, and sometimes dismal". [99][100][101] However, as Paul Hartog writes, this continues to be a "live" topic amongst scholars. Direct link to joslynn.t's post how is there life impacte, Posted a year ago. Five numbered crusades to the Holy Land, culminating in the siege of Acre of 1219, essentially ending the Western presence in the Holy Land. They either abandon it, or start over and repair it. The ritual symbolises the release of kindness and goodwill (Credit: Getty). The power of the Quraish derived from their role as successful merchants. Three of the emotions are negative. It makes us interested in others. Basil refused to make any discrimination when it came to people who needed help saying that "the digestive systems of the Jew and the Christian are indistinguishable. [43] The contemporary Old Testament of the Protestant Bible and the Hebrew Bible are based exclusively on the Masoretic text. The first period is the pre-Vedic period, which includes the Indus Valley Civilization and local pre-historic religions, ending at about 1750 BCE. [45], The religious, social, and political climate of 1st-century Roman Judea and its neighbouring provinces was extremely diverse and constantly characterized by socio-political turmoil,[1][46][47] with numerous Judaic movements that were both religious and political. So, for example, the combination of happiness and anger generates vengeance, while jealousy is the result of combining anger and fear. 1150).[354][355][356]. As selection worked on existing brain structures, enhancing emotional and interpersonal capacities, certain behavioural propensities of apes began to evolve. The Origins of Buddhism Buddhism, founded in the late 6th century B.C.E. During the Age of Discovery and the following centuries, the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires were the most active in attempting to convert the Indigenous peoples of the Americas to the Christian religion. Philosophers such as David Hume have made the distinction between what a behaviour is and what it ought to be, which is a staple of ethical deliberation. Taoism (also spelled Daoism) is a religion and a philosophy from ancient China that has influenced folk and national belief. Any human phenomenon that exists is a human phenomenon that became what it is. Scholars generally agree there was a significant rise in the absolute number of Christians in the third century. A papal conclave met in Rome and elected Urban VI, an Italian. Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless. [297]:34, According to the Synaxarion of Constantinople, the hegumenos Michael of Zobe and thirty-six of his monks at the Monastery of Zobe near Sebasteia (Sivas) were killed by a raid on the community. These, he claims, are characteristic of hunter-gatherers. [174] Paganism thus remained widespread into the early fifth century continuing in parts of the empire into the seventh and beyond.[175]. [422], Catholic priests were executed in concentration camps alongside Jews; for example, 2,600 Catholic priests were imprisoned in Dachau, and 2,000 of them were executed (cf. [188][189][190][note 3] Nearly all sources on Theodosius are ecclesiastical histories that are highly colored and carefully curated for public reading. Early protest was against corruptions such as simony, the holding of multiple church offices by one person at the same time, episcopal vacancies, and the sale of indulgences. What would it mean for AI to have a soul? [343] The mission was only partially successful, and Ansgar returned two years later to Germany, after Harald had been driven out of his kingdom. Christianity - Monotheism, Mosaic Law, Messianic Role, and Apocalyptic [3][4] Sacred texts like the Bible, the Quran, and others did not have a word or even a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. [198] However, most twenty-first century scholars see the Edict as addressed to Christians in the Eastern Empire, not Jews or pagans, with the purpose of opposing Arianism. The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. This entry provides an overview of the topics and discussions in science and religion. Islam began with the Prophet Muhammad. Christians were officially tolerated as people of the Book. [225][226], Earliest references to the conversion of the Germanic peoples are in the writings of Irenaeus (130202 ), Origen (185253), and Tertullian (Adv. He and other early Quakers, or Friends, were persecuted for. The Protestant position also included the Five solae (sola scriptura, sola fide, sola gratia, solus Christus, soli Deo gloria), the priesthood of all believers, Law and Gospel, and the two kingdoms doctrine. This period of religious history begins with the invention of writing about 5,200 years ago (3200 BCE). Some of the most difficult questions in relations with the ancient Eastern Churches concern some doctrine (i.e. [283][284][285], In general, Christians subject to Islamic rule were allowed to practice their religion with some notable limitations stemming from the apocryphal Pact of Umar. Christian monasticism grew from roots in certain strands of Judaism and views in common with Graeco-Roman philosophy and religion, and was modeled upon Scriptural examples and ideals such as John the Baptist who was seen as an archetypical monk. Meanwhile, the religious scholar Max Mller (18231900) theorized that religion began in hedonism and the folklorist Wilhelm Mannhardt (18311880) suggested that religion began in "naturalism" by which he meant mythological explanations for natural events. In 829, Ansgar went to Birka on Lake Mlaren, Sweden, with his aide friar Witmar, and a small congregation was formed in 831 which included the king's steward Hergeir. Criticism of atheism was strictly forbidden and sometimes lead to imprisonment. In 963 an association of monasteries called Lavra was formed on Mount Athos, in Eastern Orthodox tradition. [297]:4142 According to some later hagiographies, including one by one of several Middle Byzantine writers known as Michael the Synkellos, among the forty-two were Kallistos, the doux of the Koloneian thema, and the heroic martyr Theodore Karteros. On 7 December 1965, a Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I was issued lifting the mutual excommunications of 1054. [382] One of the first schools for Indigenous peoples in Mexico was founded by Pedro de Gante in 1523. VII) (155220). The root of this suffering comes from a persons material desires One was over the Filioque clause, a single sentence inserted by the West into the Nicene Creed by the Third Council of Toledo in 589. [268] Bishops stepped into civic leadership in the Senator's places. 16, 2023, 8:01 PM ET (AP) Pittsburgh synagogue gunman is found guilty in the deadliest attack on Jewish people in US history This view fits with various theories in developmental science, showing that playful activities are often crucial for developing important abilities like theory of mind and counterfactual thinking. About 30 different primate species reconcile after fights, and that reconciliation is not limited to the primates. Altruistic tendencies come very naturally to many mammals.. Stanford Univ. We can travel further back still, long before even the emergence of Christianity. The Livonian Crusade, carried out by the Teutonic Knights and other orders of warrior-monks, similarly conquered and forcibly converted the pagan Balts of Livonia and Old Prussia. In order to stop suffering, you must get rid of desire or greed. Youre supposed to be happy, wealthy, and successful. To preserve His Divine nature, the unity of His person was described in a looser way than in Eastern theology. Brain size is measured by an endocast, but Turner says these do not reflect the subcortical enhancement that was occurring between the emergence of Australopiths (around 4 million years ago) and Homo erectus (1.8 million years ago). [176], During Byzantium's first major historical period, from 476 to 641, its borders reached its furthest limits under the Emperor Justinian I. So what this is telling me is that the religion evolved from a social class structure where people had very defined roles. In terms of meetings and documents, it consisted of the Confutatio Augustana, the Council of Trent, the Roman Catechism, and the Defensio Tridentin fidei. [11], Constantine's policies were largely continued by his sons though not universally or continuously. Eire, Carlos M. N. "Calvin and Nicodemism: A Reappraisal". McShea, Bronwen. By Elizabeth Peterson published 5 October 2015 (Image credit: Sergey Nivens | Shutterstock.com) Many Catholics reveled in the pope's whirlwind visit to the East Coast of the United States last. They also show emotional self-control and anticipatory conflict resolution in order to prevent such deviations. [273][274] This helped transform Christianity into its eclectic medieval forms. Tertullian and Cyprian are both considered Latin Church Fathers of the Latin Church. Although progress has been made, concerns over papal primacy and the independence of the smaller Orthodox churches has blocked a final resolution of the schism. [284] The martyrdoms of forty-eight Christian martyrs that took place in the Emirate of Crdoba between 850 and 859 AD[290] are recorded in the hagiographical treatise written by the Iberian Christian and Latinist scholar Eulogius of Crdoba. There certainly were people who lived in defiance of him (e.g., Cain and Lamech in Gn 4), but there is no account of where these other religions came from in these early chapters of the Old Testament. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation gave birth to many radical Protestant groups throughout Europe. Right Intention: Avoid harmful thoughts, care for others, [406][407], The Russian Orthodox Church held a privileged position in the Russian Empire, expressed in the motto of the late empire from 1833: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Populism. [255] The western church was forced to negotiate with the "barbarian rulers" of the former Roman provinces: the Visigoths in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Italy, the Franks in France and western Germany, the Angles and Saxons in England, the Vandals in North Africa and the Burgundians in Southern France. Mormons - HISTORY [93] Valerian pursued similar policies later that decade. Some of the early Christian communities attracted God-fearers, i.e. Section 1 outlines the scope of both fields, and how they are related. [186] Though efforts were made at reconciliation in the next few centuries, the schism remained permanent, resulting in what is today known as Oriental Orthodoxy. Women were especially attracted to the movement.
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