who founded the church of alexandria

[66][67] Most modern scholars regard this claim as implausible,[66][68] but they disagree over how much Origen actually knew about the language. [16] Origen had responded by arguing that, if the Devil is destined for eternal damnation, it was on account of his actions, which were the result of his own free will. [263] Major controversy erupted in 1487, after the Italian humanist scholar Giovanni Pico della Mirandola issued a thesis arguing that "it is more reasonable to believe that Origen was saved than he was damned. Angra Mainyu in Zoroastrianism | Overview, Story & Adversary. All rights reserved. [134] The vast majority of the text has only survived in a heavily abridged Latin translation produced by Tyrannius Rufinus in 397. History - The Basilica of Saint Mary in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia Fatwa, Islamic Religious Ruling: History & Examples | What is a Fatwa? His efforts were ended as the result of a helicopter crash on September 11, 2004, in the Aegean Sea near Greece, killing him and several other clergy, including Bishop Nektarios of Madagascar, another bishop with a profound missionary vision. [83][89] Nonetheless, Porphyry accused Origen of having betrayed true philosophy by subjugating its insights to the exegesis of the Christian scriptures. The Five Aggregates in Buddhism Origin & Examples | What are Skandhas? Types of Presbyterian Churches | Characteristics, Denominations & History, El God: Mythology & Forms | Supreme God of Canaanites, Free Methodist Church | Overview, History & Beliefs, The Afterlife in Christianity | Overview, Beliefs & Facts, Sacred Heart of Jesus | Significance, Prayer & Facts. [260][261] It is likely that the writings containing Origen's most unusual and speculative ideas have been lost to time,[173] making it nearly impossible to determine whether Origen actually held the heretical views which the anathemas against him ascribed to him. [123], Origen is the main source of information on the use of the texts that were later officially canonized as the New Testament. Aramaic Targums History & Purpose | What is a Targum? Kaaba History & Purpose | What is the Kaaba? [19][139] In 178, Celsus had written a polemic entitled On the True Word, in which he had made numerous arguments against Christianity. Origen produced the Hexapla, the first critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, which contained the original Hebrew text as well as four different Greek translations of it, and one Greek transliteration of the Hebrew, all written in columns, side by side. All Souls' Day: Origin & Facts | What is All Souls' Day? Book of Malachi | Prophet in the Tanakh & Bible, Praxis English Language Arts - Content & Analysis (5039): Practice & Study Guide, Middle School US History: Homeschool Curriculum, 6th Grade World History: Enrichment Program, 8th Grade World History: Enrichment Program, Developmental World History: Middle School, Iran's History: Culture & The Middle East, Marcus Garvey: Biography, Speeches & Books, Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Definition, Meaning & Symbols, Lagash in Mesopotamia: Gudea & Explanation, Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus: Summary & Analysis, The Delian League of Ancient Greece: Definition & Overview, The Ancient Roman Pantheon of Gods: Architecture & Facts, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Patriarch of Alexandria - Wikipedia He was a prolific writer who wrote roughly 2,000 treatises in multiple branches of theology, including textual criticism, biblical exegesis and hermeneutics, homiletics, and spirituality. Buddhism in Korea: History & Facts | What is Korean Buddhism? Immaculate Conception Overview & Feast | What is the Immaculate Conception? [96] The Christians of the eastern Mediterranean continued to revere Origen as the most orthodox of all theologians,[97] and when the Palestinian hierarchs learned that Beryllus, the bishop of Bostra and one of the most energetic Christian leaders of the time, had been preaching adoptionism (the belief that Jesus was born human and only became divine after his baptism),[97] they sent Origen to convert him to orthodoxy. Alexander of Jerusalem ( Greek: ; died 251 AD) was a third century bishop who is venerated as a martyr and saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote hundreds of homilies covering almost the entire Bible, interpreting many passages as allegorical. 2 vols. The Three Kings History & Significance | Who were the Magi? Tirthankara in Jainism: Overview, History & List | What are Jinas? Books 13, and the beginning of the Book 4, survive, covering Song of Songs 1.12.15. [150] The first, partly preserved in the Latin translation of Rufinus, is addressed to friends in Alexandria. He devoted himself to his studies and adopted an ascetic lifestyle. [236][25][163] At the same time, Origen deeply influenced Arius of Alexandria and later followers of Arianism. Messianic Secret in the Gospel of Mark | Motif History & Analysis. [150] The third is an epistle to Sextus Julius Africanus, extant in Greek, replying to a letter from Africanus (also extant), and defending the authenticity of the Greek additions to the book of Daniel. Torah Ark: History, Purpose & Location | What is the Aron HaKodesh? [189][170] Origen maintained that, if everyone were peaceful and loving like Christians, then there would be no wars and the Empire would not need a military.[190]. Heaven's Gate Cult | History, Leader & Members. Create an account to start this course today. [92] Origen's close friend and longtime patron Ambrose was arrested in Nicomedia, and Protoctetes, the leading priest in Caesarea, was also arrested. [143], Between 232 and 235, while in Caesarea in Palestine, Origen wrote On Prayer, of which the full text has been preserved in the original Greek. In the 9th . Rosicrucianism: History, Symbols & Facts | What is Rosicrucianism? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. High Priest of Israel: Overview & Significance | What was the High Priest? Origen of Alexandria[a] (c. 185 c. 253),[9] also known as Origen Adamantius,[b] was an early Christian scholar,[12] ascetic,[13] and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria. [148] The debate between Origen and Heracleides, and Origen's responses in particular, has been noted for its unusually cordial and respectful nature in comparison to the much fiercer polemics of Tertullian or the fourth-century debates between Trinitarians and Arians. [61] In Rome, Origen attended lectures by Hippolytus of Rome and was influenced by his logos theology. Those speaking the native language of the area, called Coptic, became the Coptic Orthodox Church, the non-Chalcedonian sect. RT @EMECONOMOU: Actually, the Eastern Orthodox Church was founded by Christ and His apostles, of which Rome was one of the first five patriarchates, including Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. The Sun Dance Ceremony Practices & Overview | What is the Sun Dance? The Church of Alexandria is one of the autocephalous Orthodox Churches. He died during the persecution of Emperor Decius. These souls, at first fully devoted to God, fell away from him and were given physical bodies. [214] As they progress in their rational thinking, all humans become more like Christ. Apostasy Overview & Examples | What is an Apostate? [120][121] Prof. Lorenzo Perrone of Bologna University and other experts confirmed the authenticity of the homilies. Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations 7: 117. [163][155] Those whose love diminished the least became angels. Book of Amos in the Hebrew Bible | History, Composition & Facts, Letter to the Hebrews in the Bible | Summary, Author & Purpose. The Church was founded in approximately 49 CE by the Apostle Mark, who is also known as Saint Mark the Evangelist, and its headquarters are in Alexandria, Egypt. One of Egypt's largest . Church of Alexandria | Religion Wiki | Fandom Atman in Hinduism Origin & Concept | What is Atman? Bible Translations | Overview, History & Timeline. [158], One of Origen's main teachings was the doctrine of the preexistence of souls,[161][162][160][155] which held that before God created the material world he created a vast number of incorporeal "spiritual intelligences" (). Antipope History, List & Facts | What is an Antipope? Tengu Types & Mythology | What is a Tengu? Eschatology Overview & Prophets | What is Eschatology? "[127], Origen's commentaries written on specific books of scripture are much more focused on systematic exegesis than his homilies. Saint Mark would die a martyr in 63 CE. [242][247] Around the same time, John Cassian, an Eastern monk, introduced Origen's teachings to the West. Lupercalia History & Traditions | What is the Feast of Lupercal? Learn about the origin and significance of Coptic traditions in Christianity as well as the worldwide membership of Copts today. [225][226][227] Every Christian theologian who came after him was influenced by his theology, whether directly or indirectly. Hajj Overview & History | What is the Hajj Pilgrimage? Elizabeth M.Economou on Twitter: "Actually, the Eastern Orthodox Church [61] In 212 he travelled to Rome a major center of philosophy at the time. Greek period Alexander the Great founded the city in 332 bce after the start of his Persian campaign; it was to be the capital of his new Egyptian dominion and a naval base that would control the Mediterranean. Book of Hours: Purpose, History & Imagery | What is a Book of Hours? [159] The theory was later expanded by theologians such as Gregory of Nyssa and Rufinus of Aquileia. Ah Puch History, Facts & Mythology | Who are the Maya Death Gods? Lord Narasimha Overview & Legends | Who is the Hindu Lion God? Inti, Inca Sun God: History & Symbolism | Who was Inti? Confucianism in Japan | History, Importance & Philosophy, Ezra & Nehemiah in the Hebrew Bible | History, Timeline & Division. Mishnah History, Purpose & Facts | What is the Mishna? View history Tools "Patriarch of the See of Saint Mark" redirects here. [256][105][163] Emperor Justinian ordered for all of Origen's writings to be burned. Reply . [252][253][254][i], Theophilus labeled Origen as the "hydra of all heresies"[253] and persuaded Pope Anastasius I to sign the letter of the council, which primarily denounced the teachings of the Nitrian monks associated with Evagrius Ponticus. The Conversion of St. Paul by Caravaggio | Overview & Analysis. He is said to have founded the Church of Alexandria CodyCross Answer The Copts are proud of the apostolicity of their Church, whose founder is St. Mark; one of the seventy Apostles (Mk 10:10), and one of the four Evangelists. It was, at the same time, a love for the Holy Word, the most beautiful object of all that, by its ineffable beauty attracts all things to itself with irresistible force, and it was also love for this man, the friend and advocate of the Holy Word. Merkabah Mysticism: Overview & History | What is Merkabah Mysticism? [81] Origen defended himself in his Letter to Friends in Alexandria,[16] in which he vehemently denied that he had ever taught that the Devil would attain salvation[16][17][82] and insisted that the very notion of the Devil attaining salvation was simply ludicrous.[16]. Martyrs History & Examples | What is Martyrdom? [240][241], The First Origenist Crisis began in the late fourth century, coinciding with the beginning of monasticism in Palestine. 2 chapters | [69] It is likely that these works contained much theological speculation,[70] which brought Origen into even greater conflict with Demetrius. Hanuman Overview & Facts | Anjaneya Swamy in Hinduism. Shabbat Purpose, History & Practice | What is Shabbat? Palm Sunday Facts, Related Scripture & Significance | What is Palm Sunday? [252] Origen's disciple Evagrius Ponticus had advocated contemplative, noetic prayer,[252] but other monastic communities prioritized asceticism in prayer, emphasizing fasting, labors, and vigils. In 1810, a parcel of land closer to the center of Alexandria was purchased for the new . [80] On Martyrdom, or the Exhortation to Martyrdom, also preserved entire in Greek,[92] was written some time after the beginning of the persecution of Maximinus in the first half of 235. He Is Said To Have Founded The Church Of Alexandria Answers - CodyCross [134] Book One describes the heavenly world[134][48] and includes descriptions of the oneness of God, the relationship between the three persons of the Trinity, the nature of the divine spirit, reason, and angels. Hebrew Bible: Overview, Books & Name | What is the Tanakh in Judaism? [75][73][74] Upon learning of Origen's ordination, Demetrius was outraged and issued a condemnation declaring that Origen's ordination by a foreign bishop was an act of insubordination. [250][251][244] A large mob of Alexandrian monks who regarded God as anthropomorphic rioted in the streets. [38][41][42] He spent the whole day teaching[38] and would stay up late at night writing treatises and commentaries. [174][175] Origen was also careful to maintain that universal salvation was merely a possibility and not a definitive doctrine. [267] Modern Protestant evangelicals admire Origen for his passionate devotion to the scriptures[268] but are frequently baffled or even appalled by his allegorical interpretation of them, which many believe ignores the literal, historical truth behind them. [43][41][52][53] Eusebius further alleges that Origen privately told Demetrius, the bishop of Alexandria, about the castration and that Demetrius initially praised him for his devotion to God on account of it. Oriental Orthodox Church | Overview, History & Beliefs. Serqet Overview & Mythology | Who is the Egyptian Goddess Serqet? [202] Thus, each phase represents a degradation from the original state of incorporeal holiness.[202]. at Roger Pearse", "Lorenzo Perrone About Origen's Newly Discovered Homilies on the Psalms", C. G. Bateman, Origen's Role in the Formation of the New Testament Canon, 2010, "The Legacy of Origen in Gregory of Nyssa's Theology of Freedom", "Patristic literature The post-Nicene period", "Origen: Friend or Foe? [133][f] Fragments of some other commentaries survive. [83][90] Eusebius reports that Origen was summoned from Caesarea to Antioch at the behest of Julia Avita Mamaea, the mother of Roman Emperor Severus Alexander, "to discuss Christian philosophy and doctrine with her. Cuban Religion Origin & Beliefs | What is the Religion of Cuba? [134] A few smaller quotations of the original Greek are preserved in Justinian's Letter to Mennas. Christianity began in the East. [80] After an introduction on the object, necessity, and advantage of prayer, he ends with an exegesis of the Lord's Prayer, concluding with remarks on the position, place, and attitude to be assumed during prayer, as well as on the classes of prayer. "Divine Love and Divine Commandment", Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. Tantra Overview, Practices & Facts | What is Tantric Buddhism? However, when the Church's dominance grew throughout the region, more local languages were included, allowing for improved record-keeping. [150][16] The second is a short letter to Gregory Thaumaturgus, preserved in the Philocalia. If orthodoxy were a matter of intention, no theologian could be more orthodox than Origen, none more devoted to the cause of the Christian faith. Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC (the exact date is disputed) as ( Aleksndreia ). The Church of Alexandria - Catholic Online - World's Catholic Library Christian Identity Movement | Origin, Members & Beliefs. Dispensationalism Overview & Theology | What is Dispensationalism? Church of Sweden: Overview & History | What is the Church of Sweden? Origen bases his theology on the Christian scriptures[162][191][165][155] and does not appeal to Platonic teachings without having first supported his argument with a scriptural basis. [256] In the official text of the eleventh anathema, Origen is condemned as a Christological heretic,[256][109] but Origen's name does not appear at all in the Homonoia, the first draft of the anathemata issued by the imperial chancery,[256] nor does it appear in the version of the conciliar proceedings that was eventually signed by Pope Vigillius, a long time afterwards. i, iv.1, the small commentary on Canticles, and the second book of the large commentary on the same, the twentieth book of the commentary on Ezekiel,[g] and the commentary on Hosea. [32] Origen's father was beheaded,[25][32][40] and the state confiscated the family's entire property, leaving them impoverished. [62], In the autumn of 215 the Roman Emperor Caracalla visited Alexandria. [109], By far the most important work of Origen on textual criticism was the Hexapla ("Sixfold"), a massive comparative study of various translations of the Old Testament in six columns:[113] Hebrew, Hebrew in Greek characters, the Septuagint, and the Greek translations of Theodotion (a Jewish scholar from c. 180 AD), Aquila of Sinope (another Jewish scholar from c. 117138), and Symmachus (an Ebionite scholar from c. (2), Psalms 3638 (9),[d] Canticles (2), Isaiah (9), Jeremiah (7 Greek, 2 Latin, 12 Greek and Latin), Ezekiel (14), and Luke (39). There was a significant shift in the Church starting around 451 CE. Walpurgisnacht Overview, History & Traditions | What is Walpurgis Night? Five Percent Nation History & Beliefs | What is Supreme Mathematics? Seven Laws of Noah: Overview & Facts | What are the Noahide Laws? Anahita History, Characteristics & Facts | Persian Goddess Anahita. Religious Garments Overview & Types | What is Religious Clothing? [179] Like Plato, Plotinus[180] and Gregory of Nyssa, Origen understands that only the agent who chooses the Good is free; choosing evil is never free but slavery. [134] Fragments from Books 3.1 and 4.13 of Origen's Greek original are preserved in Origen's Philokalia. Protestant History & Beliefs | What is Protestantism? Serbian Orthodox Church | Overview, History & Facts. Alexandria was one of the most important cultural centers of the ancient world and the focal point for the mutual influence exercised in the conjunction of christianity and Hellenism. Pentarchy - OrthodoxWiki [163] Since the Renaissance, the debate over Origen's orthodoxy has continued to rage. [38] While employed at the school, he adopted the ascetic lifestyle of the Greek Sophists. [109], Jerome's Latin translations of Origen's homilies were widely read in western Europe throughout the Middle Ages,[163] and Origen's teachings greatly influenced those of the Byzantine monk Maximus the Confessor and the Irish theologian John Scotus Eriugena. Origen sought martyrdom with his father at a young age but was prevented from turning himself in to the authorities by his mother. Except for a few fragments, only three letters have been preserved. Christian Science Beliefs & Origin | What is Christian Science? [65] Origen studied the Old Testament in great depth;[65] Eusebius even claims that Origen learned Hebrew. The School of Alexandria - CopticChurch.Net - Coptic Orthodox Church [263] While Origen's emphasis on the human effort in attaining salvation appealed to the Renaissance humanists, it made him far less appealing to the proponents of the Reformation. [167] Roger E. Olson, however, dismisses the view that Origen believed in reincarnation as a New Age misunderstanding of Origen's teachings. [199][200] Origen's idea of a twofold creation was based on an allegorical interpretation of the creation story found in the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis. Easter Overview, History & Facts | What is Resurrection Sunday? "La religion et ses mots: La Bible latine de Zurich (1543) entre la tradition et l'innovation. Sheol in the Hebrew Bible: Overview & Significance | What is Sheol? However, within the Orthodox religion, there are differences in lifestyle and worship. London Missionary Society: History & Missions | What was the LMS? Year of Jubilee History & Significance | What is the Jubilee? [27] Eusebius portrays Origen as the perfect Christian scholar and as a literal saint. Learn about the Church of Alexandria and its importance. 26 Jun 2023 22:52:16 [195][48] The "flesh" was the literal, historical interpretation of the passage;[195][48] the "soul" was the moral message behind the passage;[195][48] and the "spirit" was the eternal, incorporeal reality that the passage conveyed. Samson in the Bible: Story & Delilah | Who was Samson in the Bible? Zoroastrian Tower of Silence: History & Use | What is a Dakhma? Sangha Origin, Development & Role | What is Sangha in Buddhism? [119] On June 11, 2012, the Bavarian State Library announced that the Italian philologist Marina Molin Pradel had discovered twenty-nine previously unknown homilies by Origen in a twelfth-century Byzantine manuscript from their collection. Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Overview & Facts | What is RSS in India? Chakra Origins & Symbolism | The Importance of Chakras in Healing. The Alexandria patriarchate is also significant because it is one of the five highest ranking bishops; however, it is not a Catholic Church, as the Great Schism of 1054 CE separated the Roman Catholic Church from the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church. Irinoupolis and Eastern Tanzania and Seychelles, Johannesburg-Pretoria and All South Africa, Antananarivo-Northern Madagascar and Indian Islands, Leontopolis and Augustamnica Secunda and the Red Sea, Patriarchate of Alexandria website - Archdioceses, Patriarchate of Alexandria website - Dioceses, Eastern Christian Churches: Patriarchate of Alexandria, Autocephalous and Autonomous Churches of Orthodoxy, https://orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Church_of_Alexandria&oldid=129944, Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa, Greek, Arab, French, English, local languages. Studia Philonica Annual 20: 5599. Zealots Overview & History | Who were the Zealots in the Bible? [211], Origen is often seen as the first major Christian theologian. It recognizes Greek, Arab, French, English, and local African languages in its liturgy. . This makes the church of the Apostolic Sees. [133] Despite this, the commentary now only survives in part through a Latin translation of it made by Tyrannius Rufinus in 410. [163][155] One soul, however, who remained perfectly devoted to God became, through love, one with the Word (Logos) of God. Origen significantly contributed to the development of the idea of the Trinity. Church Polity: Overview, History & Types | What is Church Polity? This is a popular game developed by Fanatee Inc. Alexandria - Bible Odyssey Satanism Beliefs, Types & Rituals | What Do Satanists Believe? [141] Neither work can be dated precisely, though both were probably written after the persecution of Maximinus in 235. [63] He also issued a decree chastising the Palestinians for allowing a person who was not ordained to preach. [151][152][153], Origen writes that Jesus was "the firstborn of all creation [who] assumed a body and a human soul. Saints Overview & Role in the Catholic Church | What is a Saint? Russian Orthodox Church Origin & Beliefs | What is Russian Orthodoxy? Hindu Sacred Places | Temples, Holy Sites & Pilgrimage Places, Islamic Clothing: Overview & Practices | Muslim Men & Women's Clothing. School of Antioch, Christian theological institution in Syria, traditionally founded in about ce 200, that stressed the literal interpretation of the Bible and the completeness of Christ's humanity, in opposition to the School of Alexandria, which emphasized the allegorical interpretation of the Bible and stressed Christ's divinity. [58], In his early twenties Origen became less interested in work as a grammarian[59] and more interested in operating as a rhetor-philosopher. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. [160] The first creation, described in Genesis 1:26,[201] was the creation of the primeval spirits,[202] who are made "in the image of God" and are therefore incorporeal like Him;[202] the second creation described in Genesis 2:7[203] is when the human souls are given ethereal, spiritual bodies[204] and the description in Genesis 3:21[205] of God clothing Adam and Eve in "tunics of skin" refers to the transformation of these spiritual bodies into corporeal ones. [245][246][223][163] Epiphanius's treatises portray Origen as an originally orthodox Christian who had been corrupted and turned into a heretic by the evils of "Greek education". [133][e] The historian Socrates Scholasticus records that Origen had included an extensive discussion of the application of the title theotokos to the Virgin Mary in his commentary,[133] but this discussion is not found in Rufinus's translation,[133] probably because Rufinus did not approve of Origen's position on the matter, whatever that might have been. [38], According to Eusebius, as a young man, Origen was taken in by a wealthy Gnostic woman,[44] who was also the patron of a very influential Gnostic theologian from Antioch, who frequently lectured in her home. History of Alexandria - Wikipedia Early Christian traditions about Mark, the author of a New Testament Gospel, state that he founded the church in Alexandria. In fact, this topic is meant to untwist the answers of CodyCross He is said to have founded the Church of Alexandria. He also noted his intention to 'abbreviate' the work. Alexander of Alexandria - OrthodoxWiki [134][48] He composed it as a young man between 220 and 230 while he was still living in Alexandria. Rightly Guided Caliphs History & Role | What is the Rashidun? Did Peter also found the Church in Antioch? - Reddit - Dive into anything Revelation: Composition & Content | The Last Book of The Bible. Nicene Creed History & Facts | What is the Nicene Creed? [242] Epiphanius launched a campaign against John, openly preaching that John was an Origenist deviant. Origen of Alexandria [a] ( c. 185 - c. 253), [9] also known as Origen Adamantius, [b] was an early Christian scholar, [12] ascetic, [13] and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria. This includes Anglicans such as Edward Welchman,[270] John Howson[271] and Sir Winston Churchill;[272] Calvinists such as Pierre Bayle,[273] Georges-Louis Liomin[274] and Heinrich Bullinger;[275] American scholar and Orthodox Christian David Bentley Hart;[276] Oriental Orthodox such as Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria,[277] Fr. 5 Things to know about Coptic Christians The Palm Sunday bombing in Egypt was at the St. Mark Coptic Cathedral in Alexandria, which is believed to have been built on the original site of Saint. Epistle to the Ephesians in the Bible | Summary, Author & Purpose, Gospel of Mark History, Composition & Facts | The Book of Mark, Book of Numbers in the Bible | Origin, Summary & Significance. [80][94], Sometime between 238 and 244, Origen visited Athens, where he completed his Commentary on the Book of Ezekiel and began writing his Commentary on the Song of Songs. [46][19][44][47][48] Eusebius claims that Origen studied under Clement of Alexandria,[43][25][49] but according to McGuckin, this is almost certainly a retrospective assumption based on the similarity of their teachings. [131] Origen's Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans was originally fifteen books long, but only tiny fragments of it have survived in the original Greek. Taqiyya Overview, Practice & Facts | What is Taqiyya in Shi'ism? The forerunner of Universalism in the United States was George de Benneville (1703-93), who in 1741 migrated from Europe to Pennsylvania, where he preached and practiced medicine. [162][192] He saw the scriptures as divinely inspired[162][191][165][193] and was cautious never to contradict his own interpretation of what was written in them. He defended free will and advocated Christian pacifism. Disciples of Christ Overview & History | What is the Christian Church? Gutenberg Bible History & Print | What is the First Bible?
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