who was the king of moab in the bible

Moab - Amazing Bible Timeline with World History [4] Much to Balak's dismay, Balaam only blessed Israel and predicted Moab's defeat: While Israel camped at Shittim, Moabite and Midianite women engaged in sexual relations with Israelite men, both within marriage and outside of it (Num. They may have been among the raiders referred to as Habiru referred to in the Amarna letters. MESHA KING OF MOAB m' sha (, salvation).Mesha was the son of Chemosh-melek. During the Early Bronze IV to Middle Bronze I era (c. 2200-1900 b.c. A brief narrative (2 Kings 10:32, 33) recorded that Hazael, king of Aram, seized from Jehu of Israel the territory normally regarded as Moabite which lay to the N of the Wadi Arnon, and which still belonged to Moab at the time of Jehoram. And I went in the night and fought against it from the daybreak until midday, and I took it and I killed the whole population: seven thousand male subjects and aliens, and female subjects, aliens, and servant girls. The ideal N border of Moab, which actually was seldom realized, stretched E from the Wadi Heshban and Khirbet er-Rufaiseh, about five m. N of the Dead Sea. "Moses went up from the" "plains of Moab unto the mountain of Nebo, to the top of Pisgah," "and "died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of" "the Lord" (Deut. The Benjaminite judge Ehud ended the crisis when he assassinated the Eglon leader and led an Israelite army against the Moabites at a ford of the Jordan River, killing many of them. Bible archeology: three notable finds. : r/ChristianReal_ - Reddit Bible Map: Heshbon Just before the death of Ahab, Mesha of Moab rebelled against Israel (2 Kings 3:5-8), and about 850 b.c. The city was originally founded in mid-1855 as a Mormon mission, but it was abandoned later that year after a conflict with local Indian peoples. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. a coalition of peoples including Israel, Aram and Ammon confronted Shalmaneser III of Assyria, and the absence of Moab from this list shows that it was not then an independent state. Nebo also was recaptured with heavy Israelite losses, and this victory marked the virtual recovery of Moabite independence. He was worshiped at altars of unhewn stone erected on hilltops. Its territory was subsequently overrun by waves of tribes from northern Arabia, including the Kedarites and (later) the Nabataeans. Eglon (king) - Wikipedia Permanent springs were formed when the rain fell on the highland areas, filtered through the limestone to the solid layers of hard underlying rock, and flowed W along underground channels to the western slopes, or erupted in the valleys of the highlands. In any event, most of the major centers in the interior were strongly fortified, so that an invader from the N would be faced with the prospect of having to reduce them one by one in order to gain access to central Moab. Quite possibly also the invasion hastened the disappearance of the Emim, a group of the Rephaim said to have inhabited Moab prior to the Moabites (Deut 2:10, 11). form of the Egyp. Under adverse circumstances the latter returned as a widow to Israelite territory, and subsequently married Boaz, thereby becoming the ancestress of David (Ruth 4:18-22). Lot's daughters believed they were the only ones left in the world and that it was their duty to bear children. The taunt song (21:27-30) apparently alluded to the Amorite campaign against the Moabites, and although the Amorites claimed the destruction of Ar of Moab, they never actually controlled the territory to the S of the Wadi Arnon. The Moabites were a pagan nation, which means they did not worship or serve YHWH. The country itself, however, continued to be known by its biblical name for some time; when the Crusaders occupied the area, the castle they built to defend the eastern part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was called Krak des Moabites. 1. 25:8), the Canaanites (Ex. 11:18). The Moabites were a historical people, whose existence is attested to by numerous archaeological finds, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel (2 Kings 3). 2:11), but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of Amorites, who had crossed the Jordan. [2] Bedouin in nature. The provision of a high place for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab (11:7) might imply that Solomon was sympathetic to, or at least tolerant toward the pagan worship of Moab. 48:46). b.c. Mesha, King of Moab Author: Bryant G. Wood PhD Category: The Divided Monarchy of Israel & Judah 932-587 BC Created: 27 September 2006 This article was first published in the Spring 1996 issue of Bible and Spade. reached N to the Plains of Moab. The only major inscr. Accordingly the Moabites gained control of territory N of the Wadi Arnon, which resulted in Israel waging a defensive campaign against Moab, Ammon, Edom, and the king of Zobah in the NE (1 Sam 14:47). Enmity between the Moabites and Israelites seems to have continued even after the fall of the Kingdom of Israel in 722 B.C.E. If this was the case it does not seem necessary to interpret the son of the Moabite Inscription as grandson (the reference thus being to Jehoram [852-841 b.c. to the middle of that of Ahab (874/3-853 b.c.) He was the offspring of Lot's eldest daughter and, therefore, a child of incest. Elisha uncharacteristically sided with the House of Ahab in this battle. In the period under study there was a well-established trading route through Moab, and when the army of Chedorlaomer traveled down this road as far as El-paran in Edom (Gen 14:5-7), it was able to reduce the fortified sites en route one by one. Who Are the Best Couples in the Bible? - Christianity From a supposed correspondence with the Linear B script, Alt thought that the stele had been erected originally by the Emites migrating from W Pal., who were subsequently conquered by early Moabite settlers and absorbed into the native population. King David conquered Moab and forced it to become a vassal state. occurred after the events of 2 Kings 3:4-27. Canaanite kings generally possessed priestly authority, and the Moabite rulers were no exception to this rule. Two chapters of Isaiah (15-16) and one of Jeremiah (48) are devoted to the "burden of Moab." Haran was the father of Lot, who was the father of Moab and Ammon. At a later time Judah itself was invaded by a coalition of Moabites, Ammonites and Edomites, but dissension broke out among the allies and Judah was delivered (2 Chron 20:1-30). The Moabites were likely pastoral nomads settling in the trans-Jordanian highlands. In an attempt to regain control of the situation Jehoram, the son of Ahab, enlisted the help of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah and ruler of Edom, but the campaign proved abortive (2 Kings 1:1; 3:4-27). Deuteronomy 23:5 says, " However, the Lord your God would not listen to Balaam but turned the curse into a blessing for you, because the Lord your God loves you." The Israelites were then warned. The Mesha Stele, also known as the Moabite Stone, is a stele dated around 840 BCE containing a significant Canaanite inscription in the name of King Mesha of Moab (a kingdom located in modern Jordan).Mesha tells how Chemosh, the god of Moab, had been angry with his people and had allowed them to be subjugated to the Kingdom of Israel, but at length, Chemosh returned and assisted Mesha to throw . So strategic was the position of this fort that no large marauding band could enter Moab from the SE without coming into con tact with it. However, the name Dibon (tpn) occurred on the city list of Thutmose III in the temple of Amun at Karnak. Elgon brought about his victory over the Israelites in union with the Ammonites and the Amalekites (Judg. Since the Moabites do not appear to have met such firm opposition in settling down as did the Israelites, the period of formal occupation of Moabite terrain would be correspondingly shorter and could well have begun early in the 14th cent. The origin of his name is uncertain. Shortly afterward the Moabites, along with the Ammonites and some Meunites, invaded Judah from the S (2 Chron 20:1-3), perhaps prompted by Benhadad II of Syria. text of Ecclesiasticus 36:10, which reads, crush the heads of Moabs princes, and preserves the general sentiments of the OT writers toward Moab. The pass, some seventeen m. E of the place where the Wadi el-esa emptied into the Dead Sea, was important for purposes of trade and general communication, as well as being close to the fertile area watered by the springs of Aineh. 2 Kings 3:27 - Joram Overcomes Moab's Rebellion - Bible Hub Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Nothing can be deduced from the etymology of the name Moab regarding their descent, though the fact that they were connected genealogically with the Ammonites (Gen 19:37, 38) and mentioned with them (Deut 23:3), would imply a common ancestor. This wadi has frequently been identified with the Brook Zered, which divided the desert from the cultivated land. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. They gave names to the cities they rebuilt. by Sargon, but was not mentioned by name in the Assyrian annals. ), and the land itself was regarded by apocalyptic writers as the seat of iniquity. My father was king over Moab for 30 years, and I became king after my father. Isa 25:10-12; Jer 9:26; 25:31; 27:3; Ezek 25:8-11; Amos 2:1-3; Zeph 2:8-11). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 4:22). At times, especially in dire peril, human sacrifices were offered to him, as by Mesha, who gave up his son and heir to him (2 Kings 3:27). The victory over Sihon, after which the Israelites sang the Amorite taunt song, and the conquest of Og, not merely gave the Hebrews access to Canaan but also showed that they were quite capable of defeating the Moabites alone if necessary. To the E of the coastal area were the Moabite highlands, which contained numerous fertile valleys and tablelands lying both N and S of the Wadi Arnon. The allies penetrated Judah as far as Engedi on the W shore of the Dead Sea, but some dissension broke out and they began to fight one another (20:1-30). Religion. The mother goddess was worshiped in Moab in conjunction with Chemosh, and the Baluah stele relief may indicate that these two deities were being worshiped when Moabite tribes first entered the land. Despite a scarcity of archaeological evidence, the existence of Moab prior to the rise of the Israelite state has been deduced from a colossal statue erected at Luxor by pharaoh Ramesses II, in the. Most of the Moabites were polytheists, like the other early Semites, including many of the Israelites, whom they induced to join in their sacrifices (Num. Whether they were among the nations referred to in the Ancient Egyptian language as Shutu or Shasu is a matter of some debate among scholars. It is also interesting to note that in recapturing Mount Nebo from Israelite control, Mesha reports seizing sacred vessels of Yahweh and dedicating them to Chemosh. The Moabites were driven S beyond the Wadi Arnon, but were not made tributaries by Saul. proper, was assigned to Nabopolassar (626-605 b.c. influence in Pal. Here, Elimelech and his wife Naomi are allowed to settle in Moab during a famine in Judah. of four lines in extent. In ancient times, it was home to the kingdom of the Moabites, a people often in conflict with their Israelite neighbors to the west. Subsequent to this, Mesha regained the land of Medeba and took the territory of Ataroth from the tribe of Gad. Moab was conquered by the Babylonians in 582 bce. They reconstructed the fortress system of the earlier inhabitants, and extended it to the S and E. At first they were nominally subject to the Pers. regime, but became independent prior to the Gr. The Mesha Stele specifically refers to a later battle against Gad, and mentions that "the men of Gad lived in the land of Atarot from ancient times. The cult of Kam appears to have been limited to the Moabites, and his name does not appear in contemporary Ancient North Arabian inscriptions. Again, unfortunately, just as Moabite history has had to be reconstructed largely from non-native sources, so their religious beliefs and practices have to be inferred from statements in the writings of other peoples, since there are hardly any sources dealing with Moabite religion proper. in ancient Edom and Moab, and by the 1st cent. Aram. b.c. 21:29; Jer. From the list itself the place was located in the area of Upper Retenu, and can thus be identified with Tell Dibbin. In the Bible, they are described as being descendants of Ben-ammi, who was the son of Lot (Abraham's nephew) and Lot's younger daughter (Genesis 19:38). Because of the way in which the E border merged with the desert, it was particularly important for strong defensive fortifications to be established there. After the reign of David and Solomon, Israel was divided into a northern kingdom and a southern kingdom, and Moab came under the influence of the northern Kingdom of Israel, to whom it paid tribute. Despite Meshas success, Moab began to decline from the beginning of the 8th cent. Purely Moabite sources have come to light through archeological investigations, though nothing of importance has been uncovered which in any way compares with the finding of the stele of King Mesha at Dhiban (Dibon) in 1868. 11:14). In the days of Jehoiakim of Judah (609-597 b.c.) The name is thought to be an abbreviation of "Chemosh is salvation." What the Bible presents regarding Mesha is limited to 2 Kings 3.There it is stated that he was a noged, i.e., the owner of a brand of sheep by that name, noted for the quality of the wool. Read More This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Moab-kingdom-ancient-Palestine, Livius - Moab, Kingdom, Ancient Palestine. b.c. Little is known of the kingdom of Moab in extrabiblical sources. Mesha - Wikipedia David brought his parents to the king of Moab for protection when he was being pursued by Saul, and was accorded a courteous reception (22:3, 4). They utilized every possible source of water, tilled previously uncultivated land, established settlements in thinly populated areas of the Negeb, worked the Edomite copper and iron mines and established trading relations with neighboring peoples. Question Who were the Moabites? Just before the entrance into Canaan Moses died, and was buried in a Moabite valley opposite Beth-peor. ), Arab tribes invaded E Syria and Pal., and while they were mostly repulsed from Moabite territory, they seriously weakened the autonomy of Moab (cf. The capital of Moab during this period was Kir-Hareshet (modern day Kerak). MOAB IN THE BIBLE - King James Bible Online During times when Moab was densely occupied, every available part of the land was cultivated, including some of the steep hillsides of the wadis. 106:28; Josh. the Moabites made scattered incursions into Judah (2 Kings 24:2), and when Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians in 587 b.c. "Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity. Concern on the part of Balak, king of Moab, at the success of the Israelites prompted him to enlist a gifted Mesopotamian seer named Balaam to curse the enemy, at that time settled across the Wadi Arnon (Num 22:1ff. The Book of Ruth, which purports to describe events in the days when the judges ruled (Ruth 1:1) gives no information as to precisely where the family of Elimelech settled in Moab, though it seems clear that easy movement between Israel and Moab pointed to a time of friendly relations between the two people. It is noteworthy that while Deuteronomy 2:9 specifies that God does not authorize the Israelites to take any Moabite territory, Numbers 32:34-39 states: The Gadites built up Dibon, Ataroth, Aroer, Atroth Shophan, Jazer, Jogbehah, Beth Nimrah and Beth Haran as fortified cities, and built pens for their flocks. This dominance was maintained during the reign of Solomon, and it is probable that part of N Moab fell within one of the twelve administrative districts (1 Kings 4:13, 14). The first photographs of this stele were published in 1932, showing on the upper part an almost completely indecipherable inscr. In Nehemiah 4:7, the Arabs, not the Moabites, are named as allies of the Ammonites. Mesha, King of Moab - Associates for Biblical Research Moab - Bible Study - BibleWise b.c. Several centuries intervened during which ancient Moab had no sedentary occupation, but from the second cent. Nor did their religion survive the collapse of other pagan faiths in the ancient world. 23:18) indicates that Yahweh worship was known and practiced in the region. they had even infiltrated into the S Negeb. Close relations between Moabites and Israelites is also indicated by the report that Israelites worshiped not only Yahweh but also the "gods of Moab" during this period (Judg. Antiq. It has been suggested that the earliest Moabites came from a group of nomadic tribes which lived in the Syrian-Arabian desert, occupying the territory of Moab in some strength during the 14th cent. The ancestor of the Moabites was Moab, the son of Lot by incestuous union with his eldest daughter ( Gen 19:30-38 ). The stele's account parallels the events in the Bible, in 2 Kings 3. Out of an estimated 1100 letters in the original inscr. Reign. Balak tried to engage Balaam for the purpose of cursing the migrating Israelite community. Name and origin. Toward the end of the reign of Ahab of Israel (874/3-853 b.c.) Rather that Yahweh miraculously defeating Moab, it is the Moabite deity Chemosh who defeats Israel. Archeological remains have left no doubt as to the advanced nature of ancient Moabite culture. Moses was prohibited from attacking the Moabites (2:9) despite their unfriendly behavior, even though from then on they were to be excluded from Israel (23:3-6; cf. Here the Moabites are portrayed as being in league with the Midianites. Topography. According to Mesha's own inscription on the Mesha Stele, he was completely victoriouswhether in this battle or another oneand regained all the territory of which Israel had deprived his nation. Moab - Wikipedia Intermarriage between Israelites and Moabites was not forbidden as it was concerning Canaanite tribes, but children of mixed marriages with Moabites or Ammonites were considered mamzers, meaning that they could not enter fully into the "congregation" of Israel until the tenth generation. All the wadis were in flood during the rainy winter season but became dry during the hot summer, when the people depended upon a few perennial springs and reservoirs or cisterns of water. Grammatically, Moabitic had elements in common with Ugaritic, Phoenician, Aramaic and Arabic, while it shared with Heb. 21:13; Judg. And from there I took the vessels of Yahweh, and I presented them before the face of Kemosh During the reign of the King Jehoash of Israel, Moabite raiders are described as harassing Israel "every spring" (2 Kings 13:20). The account of a Moabite defeat at the hands of David (2 Sam 8:2, 11, 12) decribed the punitive measures of decimation adopted by the Israelite ruler, as well as mentioning the tribute which the Moabites had to pay. Archeological evidence shows that they began to settle in Trans-Jordan in the 4th cent. Omissions? Although there are obvious traces of Syro-Phoen. Their chief god was Chemosh, so that the Israelites sometimes referred to them rhetorically as the "people of Chemosh" (Num. They were thus much more independent of natural sources of water, and were able to locate their settlements in strategic positions such as on hilltops. On becoming sedentary they inherited the trade routes of the Edomites, and their camel caravans traversed the whole of Pal. The Moabites' culture is dated by scholars from about the late 14th century bc to 582 bc, when, according to the . To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. New American Standard Bible If, as the lack of direct archeological evidence seems to imply, the original Emite settlement failed to achieve significant depth, it would be a comparatively simple matter for a vigorous nomadic people to dispossess the sedentary inhabitants, or at the least to absorb them into their own cultural patterns without difficulty. While Egyp. 2 Kings 3:27 - Bible Gateway Chemosh was the national deity of the Moabites whose name most likely meant "destroyer," "subduer," or "fish god." While he is most readily associated with the Moabites, according to Judges 11:24 he seems to have been the national deity of the Ammonites as well. Terah was the father of Abraham and Haran. Everything we know about Mesha from the Bible is recorded in 2 Kings 3. Amorite nomads traversed the Fertile Crescent and went as far S as Egypt, and when sedentary occupation declined in Moab the Amorites had free access to the territory. King Manasseh of Judah sacrificed his sons by fire (2 Chronicles 33:6), filling Jerusalem with innocent blood. Mesha Stele - Wikipedia The main sources relating to the Moabites are unfortunately not Moabite in origin, but comprised records from neighboring peoples with whom the Moabites were often at war.
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