The first kind, interreligious armed conflicts, refer to violence between factions that differ according to their religious identities for example, Muslims and Christians. and Upholding minorities' religious freedoms in predominantly Muslim countries can be a delicate matter when members of other religions are asked to follow Islamic customs. 06/29/2021 African countries are seen as being both deeply religious and underdeveloped. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. These trends largely conform to global developments. This contradiction has likely contributed to some people turning their backs to religion. and (PDF) Conflicts Between African Traditional Religion and Christianity Muslim scholar Bakari Arabi from Nigeria, for example,stresses that in his view "religion is always a blessing. This article explores the African religious, cultural and philosophical dimensions of peace, conflict and conflict transformation. These numbers only include direct battle-related deaths and not indirect deaths that result from worsened living conditions. German Institute for Global and Area Studies | Leibniz-Institut fr Globale und Regionale Studien. The war against Ukraine has created possibilities for emerging actors in Africa such as Iran and Turkey to scale up their engagement with the continent. Could religion be the underlying problem? 2019. Hundreds of churches, mosques, hotels, and other related businesses as well as vehicles, private homes, and schools are destroyed. Svensson, Isak (2007), Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars, in: Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 6, 930949. The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Africa, Select The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Africa, Select The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Africa - Title page, Select 2 - A Theory of Mobilizational Differences in Identity Types, Select 3 - Evidence from Cte dIvoire and Ghana, Select 5 - A Theory of Identities, Political Choice, and Conflict, Select 6 - Ethnic and Religious Identity in Cte dIvoires Conflict, Select 7 - Ethnicity and Religion in Sudans Civil Wars, Select 8 - Ethnicity and Religion in Nigerias Biafran War, Select Appendix A - Observational Analyses of Afrobarometer Data in Chapter 3, Issues and Recent Trends in International Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa, Boko Haram: One Sect, Conflicting Narratives, The Missions, the State, and Education in South-Eastern Nigeria, 19561971. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. For them, it is an armed conflict that (1) results in 1,000 or more deaths; (2) puts into dispute the sovereignty of an internationally recognised state; (3) takes place within that state's recognised frontiers; (4) engages the state as one of the main combatants; (5) involves rebel groups possessing the ability to mount an organised opposition;. The Puzzling Case of Islam and Civil War, Ethnicity and Political Crisis in Cte dIvoire, Immigration en Cte dIviore: La Notion de Seuil Tolrable Relve de la Xnophobie, Oil, British Interests, and the Nigerian Civil War, Being Igbo and Muslim: The Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria and Conversions to Islam, 1930s to Recent Times, Surviving in Biafra: The Story of the Nigerian Civil War, What Kind of Law Making in a Global World? PDF Religious Conflicts and Education in Nigeria: Implications for National 2018. There, like in Qatar, it is probably not the direct funding of violence but rather the spread of ultra-conservative interpretations of Islam that is creating Frankenstein (Dorsey 2017). David Moses, a trader in Nigeria, says that "even in religion itself, there is corruption. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. 7 Causes of Interreligious Conflict in: Religion and Conflict - Brill Or is the misrepresentation of faith a hindrance to greater. That sentiment might be in line with Amartya Sen, whostresses that education is not only keyto developing human capital but also more valuable than any other commodity by which societies and their levels of development have historicallybeen judged, as it empowers the individuals. Cynthia Banda in Malawi believes in miracles and has faith thatthe ultimate solution to all societal problems lies in the hand of God. "Mother Theresa of Calcutta took her prayers into the streets of Calcutta, and brought about the integral development of the human person. ", So that is part of the statistics as well. Liga, Marina Western governments must also find a balance between development and security and integrate their efforts into a sound Africa strategy (see, e.g., Kappel 2017). There is a lot of hypocrisy in the heart in terms of holding onto the faith of religion," he added. This organization carries all the worst examples of religious extremism- sectarianism toward other Muslims (the Shi'a), attempted genocide of religious minorities (Yazidis and Christians), and brutal repression through the apparatus of the state. Geographical hotspots of theological armed conflicts are the Sahel, Nigeria, and Somalia. As of mid-2017, eight out of ten armed conflicts in the region are displaying a religious dimension. We spoke to various people on the ground to gather their views on this uneasyrelationship. Nigeria has three major religions. Keywords: Causes of Conflict; Actors; War; Tigray, Ethiopia 1. There are no easy solutions. Religious Studies. Figure 1 shows the relative share of interreligious and theological conflicts from 1960 to 2013. Political Islam in Western Africa, Native Conversion to Islam in Southern Cte dIvoire, Neopatrimonialism and the Political Economy of Economic Performance in Africa: Critical Reflections, Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars, LIslam Noir: Une Religion la Conqute de lAfrique, Experimental Political Science and the Study of Causality: From Nature to the Lab, Religious Identity in the Context of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Identity Transformation and Identity Politics Under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria, Economic Aspects of the Nigerian Civil War, Self-Determination beyond the Colonial Context: Biafra in Retrospect, Not a Miracle After All Cte dIvoires Downfall: Flawed Civil-Military Relations and Missed Opportunities, Tradition, Culture, and Development in Africa: Historical Lessons for Modern Development Planning, Religious Demography and Conflict: Lessons from Cte dIvoire and Ghana, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, The State, Conflict, and Evolving Politics in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Blaming the Gods: Christian Religious Propaganda in the Nigeria-Biafra War, The Islamist Challenge: Nigerias Boko Haram Crisis Explained, Boko Haram and the Evolving Salafi Jihadist Threat in Nigeria, Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, and Security, and the State in Nigeria, Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Armed Conflicts, Citizenship versus Ethnicity: The Role of Institutions in Shaping Identity Choice, In the Service of Power: The Ideological Struggle in the Arab World during the Gulf War, The First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan, 19551972, The Political Salience of Cultural Difference: Why Chewas and Tumbukas Are Allies in Zambia and Adversaries in Malawi, Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa, American Grace: How Religion Is Reshaping our Civic and Political Lives, Using Micro-Surveys to Measure and Explain Corruption, The Politics of History: The Legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria, Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone, American UniversityForeign Area Studies Press, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation, La Crise Vue den Bas Abidjan: Ethnicit, Gouvernance et Dmocratie. If international actors sacrifice long-term goals in favour of short-term necessities or pure self-interest, their efforts are likely to be in vain. Each of the more than 50 modern . For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. While Nigeria has always had a substantial share of fundamentalist Muslims, radicalisation seems to have been, at least partially, imported from neighbouring North Africa and the Middle East. Do Ethnic and Non-ethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? The consequences have been extreme: the violence has claimed thousands of lives and produced millions of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, and it continues to undermine the political, economic, and social development of the affected countries. There are no easy solutions. PDF Causes and Implications of Religious Conflicts in Nigeria's Political And as in recent worldwide developments, the majority of theological conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa have a strong connection to (Sunni) Islamism. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Doctoral Researcher / Research Team Spokesperson, Lead Research Fellow / Head of Research Programme "Peace and Security", Research Fellow / Research Team Spokesperson. Religious ideas do not necessarily cause radicalisation. Decision makers in and outside Africa should keep an eye out for the import of extremist religious ideas and counter them by spreading the peaceful teachings of religion. Reducing development aid may make African governments turn to others, like Saudi Arabia or Qatar. The Rise of Religious Armed Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa: No Simple Answers. Religious discrimination and religious armed conflict in sub-Saharan In fact, they accounted for more than 40 per cent of armed conflicts in 2013 the last year of systematic observation in the data set. The Boko Haram Uprising: How Should Nigeria Respond? Patterns and Determinants of Religious Armed Conflict after the Second World War, paper prepared for presentation within the framework of the Oxford Changing Character of War Programme, 28 November, Oxford. (GIGA FocusAfrika, 4). For the most part, the religious values and norms within Islam, Christianity, and other faiths are actually in favour of peace. Western governments should also support efforts to increase regional cooperation in fighting religious violence. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Religion, Collective Action, and the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Countries, Kriegskontinent Afrika? (Alabi, 2006:41). Pinker, Steven (2011), The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined, New York: Viking. Kovacs, Amanda (2014), Saudi Arabia Exporting Salafi Education and Radicalizing Indonesias Muslims, GIGA Focus International Edition English, 7, Hamburg: GIGA, www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/saudi-arabia-exporting-salafi-education-and-radicalizing-indonesias-muslims (6 June 2017). The head of state (the queen) is also the head of the Church of England. Weak governance, historical animosities, exclusionary politics, contested legitimacy, resource competition, external factors, globalized conflicts and extremist ideologies have combined to create various episodes of violent conflict across the African continent since most countries gained independence in the 1960s. Uncontrolled areas in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, and Nigeria enable rebels to operate and to withdraw. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. 244 pp. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Don't already have a personal account? What Is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter? Of the 10 truly intrastate armed conflicts, excluding the three cases with external rebels only, 8 have a clear religious dimension. Introduction The history of Africa as a continent is replete with conflict. For many believers, religion plays a major role in informing government decisions whether there is an official state religion or not. He was a religious leader who combined the issue of praying and development and his nonviolence was actually based on Hindu and Christian values," says Reverend Langeh. Thousands have also been killed in the CAR. Religion, Collective Action, and the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Countries, in: Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60, 2, 226255. Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. The new US president has promised a fundamental change in American foreign policy. But in Nigeria, some take a more critical view towardthe role of religion in public spaces. His view is supported by Kalu Dimbili, a Nigerian civil servant, who says: "Actually, religion has not in anyway helped Nigeria.
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