An S-shaped pattern in the perceived passage of time: how social interaction governs temporal experience. Flavell, J. H. (1976). 53, 6465. Psychol. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12111, Nolen-Hoeksema, S., and Morrow, J. Psychol. This scale was developed by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow (1991), and the Chinese version was translated by Han and Yang (2009), to measure the degree of spontaneous rumination one experiences during stressful events and situations. 1. a. Soc. Psychol. (2022). Soc. doi: 10.1163/22134468-00002031, Larson, E., and von Eye, A. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Wu, Z. G. (2008). 8, 5165. The nature and components of metacognition. ETP contributes to time regulation and life management, which basically conforms to the metacognitive theory. RETP was positively correlated with positive past (PPA), positive present (PPR), and positive future (PFU) (r =0.15 to 0.33, p<0.001). Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. J. Psychol. Collaborative Exercise 1.2. This problem has been solved! The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Review Committee of School of Education Science, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University. Several scholars even suggested that temporal experience is an exclusive feature that can be used to judge the incidence and severity of depression (Ratcliffe, 2012; Yoshiike et al., 2022). Philosophical Trends. Receipt of your data in the questionnaire system means that you have read the informed consent and agreed to its contents. The variable is qualitative because it is a numerical measure O B. 30, 14411446. Metacognitive Theories Revisited. Model. The data can be ordered and differences between data entries are meaningful, and a zero entry is an inherent zero . 85, 409423. (2014) was the first to research the metacognition of time passing, investigating individuals understanding of the factors influencing their awareness of time passing using a questionnaire. Time perspective refers to the sum of the cognitive concepts held by individuals regarding the past, present, and future (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999), which includes Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, Future, Past-Positive, and Present-Fatalistic. (2017). Educ. 12, 165175. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure. Therefore, the present study chose to investigate METP. Educ. doi: 10.1037/bul0000045. Bull. Temperature is a quantitative variable because it is numeric, and operations such as addition and subtraction provide meaningful results. Before the interview officially starts, the participants will be informed that the general content of the interview will be recorded, and the interview content will also be anonymous and confidential. That is, when the Chinese talk about time, they do not just refer to time itself but to a mental image that integrates objects such as time, space, substances, people, and events (Su and Ye, 2020; Yu, 2022). How time flies: age, memory, and temporal compression. 197, 2629. The reliability and validity test of the METP Scale was shown to meet psychometrics standards, and our findings show that it can be used as a tool to test METP in Chinese college students. Table 2. Mindfulness 9, 15571570. In addition, it takes time for one to figure out their meaning of life. Therefore, the structure and content of METP still need further exploration, both theoretically and empirically. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The variable is quantitative because it is an attribute characteristic. Cogn. It is noted that a large number of empirical studies have explored time perception and self-awareness within the context of psychology, and proved that time perception is closely related to such cognitive functions as attention, working memory, and thinking (Droit-Volet, 2013; Matthews and Meck, 2016; Droit-Volet et al., 2018; Nazari et al., 2018). doi: 10.1007/s00426-021-01486-6, Matthews, W. J., and Meck, W. H. (2016). In other cases, our subjective experience of time synchronizes roughly with objective time. Table 6. Solution Gender is a qualitative variable because it allows a researcher to categorize the individual as male or female. Specifically, the MSTP belongs more to MKTP (metacognitive knowledge of time passing), conceptually, but lacks a metacognitive experience perspective. View the full answer. Experience of time passing has been shown to be influenced by gender, age, socioeconomic status, and situational state (Yu et al., 2018a, 2022). METP Scale has good correlation validity, meanwhile, the results of regression analysis showed that symptom rumination, positive past, negative present, positive future, and searching for meaning in life significantly predict the intensity of METP. While, some scholars believe that judging the speed of time passing is a relatively general and superficial experience, which cannot fully contain individual feelings and thoughts about time passing (Wearden, 2015; Yu et al., 2017). Flavell, J. H. (1979). Soc. doi: 10.1163/22134468-20181134, Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., and Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Psychol. Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development. Although we cannot completely equate experience density with meaning in life, the view that the acquisition of MIL is based on experience is accepted in academic circles (Zhao et al., 2017). doi: 10.1007/BF02212307, Shek, D. T. L., Chai, C. W. Y., and Dou, D. (2021). (2015). Educ. The experience of time passing (ETP) is also the consciousness of the progress of life. Psychol. First, the abovementioned studies specifically explored the feeling of the passage of time, which did not rise to the level of metacognition. Determine whether the following variables are qualitative or quantitative. Q. Test Match Created by minupink Terms in this set (7) Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. Sample 2 was tested using the initial METP questionnaire, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed. Quantitative variables have numerical values. For the METP scale developed in this study, we also need to verify its structural stability in different subcategories of the same population (college students). Two items whose correlation coefficient between the item score and the total score was less than 0.4 were deleted; the correlations between the remaining 22 items and the total score was 0.43~0.61 (p <0.001). The main feature of metacognition is that it connects perception, memory, thinking, and language, which until that point had been traditionally considered to be separate from one another. Wearden, J. H. (2015). The specific fitting indices of each model are shown in Table 4. [Southwest University], Chongqing. In addition, according to the basic principles of psychometrics, at least five samples are required to complete the interview, exploratory factor analysis of the initial questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation validity test and retest reliability test, respectively. A. Fifth, the METP scale was used for repeated measurements of sample 5 at a four-week interval to test the retest reliability. J. Pers. Similarly, metacognitive experience of time passing (METP) will also affect college students cognition, emotion, and thinking of time. Meanwhile, the number of items in the RETP dimension (i.e., twice as many as the EETP dimension) further points to the fact that thought has a strong influence on METP overall. Two points should be considered when discussing METP in the context of Chinese time culture. Also, classify its scale as nominal, ordinal,. What is it? Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Finally, there was a significant negative correlation between EETP and MLQ-P (r =0.18, p <0.001). Psychol. For example 70^degree F is 10^degree F warmer than 60^degree F. Number of days during the past week college student studied is a quantitative variable because it is numeric, and operations such as addition and subtraction provide meaningful results. P. B. Scheurer and G. Debrock, vol. ( B) the variable is qualitative because the state of residence describe an attribute or characteristic. There are 22 items in total, each of which is rated on a four-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (always). 6, 220230. ed. Index of Qualitative Variation Measures Distribution of Variables Answer - The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure. (2013). All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. (2016). Unlike the estimation of a length of time (done mostly on the millisecond, second, and minute scales), the sense of time passing is more concerned with a long span of time or a lifetime, and how one experiences that lifetime passing. Factor 2 contained five items which were related to respondents emotional experience during the perception of time passing, and was thus named emotional experience of time passing (EETP). Each item is rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 1 (completely inconsistent) to 7 (completely consistent). The S-shape model explains in detail the reasons for the three kinds of results of the ETP, that is, change in the ETP reflects the change in experiential density (ED) of each standard unit of time. 44, 258263. We combined the two-factor model into a single-factor model for verification, and the results showed that the single-factor model was not as good as the two-factor model. James Hutton's concept of time that of Leibniz, not Newton. T. O. Nelson (Boston: Allyn and Bacon), 38. Archives Internationales DHistoire des Ides/International Archives of the History of Ideas. IQV Measures the Distribution of Nominal Variables. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. For example, if we have a distribution of 100 people and 25 are Hispanic, 25 are White, 25 are Black, and 25 are Asian, our distribution is perfectly diverse and our IQV is 1.00. Multidiscip. 77, 12711288. Indeed, findings have shown that cognitive novelty, complexity, and significance of situations and events are effective predictors of ETP (Larson and von Eye, 2006). Statistics and Probability questions and answers. Before we go to the answers, we shound have to clear the fundamental definitons of the Qualitative D 2. At the same time, potential profile analysis could be considered to detect whether there are different idiosyncrasies present in the METP Scale. Nation of origin Is the variable qualitative or quantitative? (2017). Overall, Sample 1s participants acknowledged the existence of ETP and described ETP as a manifestation of intensity, thought, and emotion of the feeling of the passage of time. In this study, the internal consistency coefficient for the full scale and the three dimensions were 0.95 (RS), 0.92 (SRU), 0.82 (BRD), 0.76 (RPD), respectively. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1159.2021.03.003, Zhao, N., Ma, M., and Xin, Z. MI is to test the equality of the relationship between observed variables and latent variables among different samples after the structure of latent variables is confirmed (Guo et al., 2022). The results led to the development of the METP Scale which contains 15 items and assesses two factors: ruminative and emotional experience of time passing. 25, 10031011. 7, 351371. 80, 169176. J. Psychol. Therefore, scholars have recently expanded or rephrased the concept from the sense of time passing to the experience of time passing (ETP) which combined the connotation of sensation, perception, feeling, and consciousness of time passing (Droit-Volet, 2019; Droit-Volet and Dambrun, 2019; Martinelli and Droit-Volet, 2022). doi: 10.1002/pchj.270, Droit-Volet, S., Trahanias, P., and Maniadakis, M. (2017). Timing Time Percept. Res. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that two influencing factors could be extracted: attention and emotion. Q. Therefore, future studies need to balance the distribution of the number of participants such that the impact of other demographic variables can be assessed. As mentioned above, the RETP items have a tendency towards the positive. O D. Today 38, 108111. ed. There was a significant positive correlation between emotional experience of time passing (EETP) and the total RR score (r =0.48, p <0.001), and the score of RRs three dimensions (r =0.36 to 0.50, p<0.001). Feeling of the passage of time: concept exploration, scale development and its reliability and validity. However, we can only use frequency tables and relative frequency tables to summarize qualitative variables. Calculate the IQV using the formula above. Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. Overall, philosophers attitudes towards time and its passage are relatively contradictory and complex, with some believing that absolute time may not exist, but rather that it is a kind of consciousness experience in which time and its passage do exist (Liu et al., 2015; Riggs, 2017; Montemayor and Wittmann, 2022). Notice that arithmetic operations cannot be performed on these attributes. For the following variables, classify each as discrete or continuous In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. (2006). Philos. Time and meditation: when does the perception of time change with mindfulness exercise? Acta Psychol. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-0903-6, Droit-Volet, S., and Dambrun, M. (2019). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1159.2018.06.001, Yu, X., and Du, T. (2023). Previous studies have shown that FPT (feeling of the passage of time) contains both introspective and secondary negative emotions (i.e., guilt, pain, regret, and panic; Yu et al., 2017), and individuals have been shown to have a tendency to construct a negative past self (Zhang et al., 2021). There were significant positive correlations between RETP and search for meaning (MLQ-S) and presence of meaning (MLQ-P) (r =0.28 and 0.33, respectively; p<0.001). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271, Keywords: metacognitive experience, experience of time passing, ruminative experience, emotional experience, reliability and validity, Citation: Yu X, Liu J, Lin Y, Chen X and Lu C (2023) The metacognitive experience of time passing in Chinese college students: scale development, structure verification, and influencing factors. Metacognition is a concept proposed by Flavell, an American psychologist. 86, 522530. Work collaboratively to determine the correct data type (quantitative or qualitative). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The IQV can also be expressed as a percentage rather than a proportion. Br. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7504.2001.06.005, Gefter, A. (2006) and revised by Wang (2013) to test ones degree of understanding of the meaning in life (MIL), accompanied by the degree of awareness of ones own life purpose and mission. Determine whether the following variables are | Chegg.com Forum 48, 330. Time perception, depression and sadness. 32, 458463. The final version of the METP scale contains 15 items, its structure, and specific items are shown in Table 2. Acta Psychol. For example, when people are aware of time passing, they generate feelings of pain, anxiety, panic, and guilt (Yu et al., 2017, 2018a,b, 2021; Liang, 2021), and they will adjust or change their thoughts and ideas (Yu et al., 2017, 2018a,b), both of which are, to some extent, preliminary explorations of METP. Temporal cognition: connecting subjective time to perception, attention, and memory. In view of this, this study aims to explore the concept of ETP by means of psychological measurement, in order to enrich the psychological theory and practical implication of ETP. Explain your reasoning. The focus of METP is a lifetime or lived time, and existing studies have shown that there is a significant positive correlation between MIL, time value, and time management (Dong and Yin, 2021; Chen and Wang, 2022). Explain your reasoning. These type of variables are only numbers. Hist. Rev. Chin. Dev. O C. The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure. eds. The formula for the index of qualitative variation is: IQV = K (1002 - Pct2) / 1002 (K - 1) Where K is the number of categories in the distribution and Pct2 is the sum of all squared percentages in the distribution. Newtons Conception of Time in Modern Physics and Philosophy, in Newtons Scientific and Philosophical Legacy. Could we experience the passage of time? Dev. J. Med. There are four steps, then, to calculating the IQV: Construct a percentage distribution. Using convenience sampling, 2,876 college students were recruited, the interview, and the reliability and validity tests were carried out. 29, 375379. Mello, Z. R., and Worrell, F. C. (2015). b. J. Environ. Behav. Question: Consider the following variable: Temperature. LO 4.2: Classify a given variable as nominal, ordinal, discrete, or continuous. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb00424.x. Furthermore, according to the S-shape model, experience density affects experience of time passing. In contrast, when the cases in a distribution are distributed evenly across the categories, there is maximum variation or diversity, and the IQV is 1.00. Postal ZIP codes The variable is because ZIP codes are Type here to search Question A qualitative variable, also called categorical, is one in which the variable categories are not described as numbers but instead by verbal groupings. 54, 14551758. Social Security number Is the variable qualitative or quantitative? Child Youth Serv. Physicists from even earlier, such as Isaac Newton, believed that time was absolute, never lingering nor standing still (Rynasiewicz, 1995; Gefter, 2008; Thomas, 2022), and has nothing to do with humans (Dieks, 1988; Gao, 2001). (2014)s study could be defined as the metacognitive knowledge of time passing (MKTP). Transcribed image text: Determine whether the variable is qualitative, discrete quantitative, or continuous quantilative Goals scored by a forwand in a hockey game O A Continuous Quantitative B. Discrete Quantitative O C. Qualitative. Meanwhile, the results of a survey of 928 Chinese college students also showed that having a Past-Negative, Present-Hedonistic, or Future time perspective positively predicted ones overall FPT (feeling of the passage of time) score (Yu et al., 2018b). Measures of dispersion like the range, interquartile range, and standard deviation. See Answer. The past, the present, and the future: a conceptual model of time perspective in adolescence, in Time Perspective Theory; Review, Research and Application. (a) Gender (b) Temperature (c) Number of days during the past week that a college student studied (d) Zip code. Received: 07 March 2023; Accepted: 12 June 2023; Published: 28 June 2023. doi: 10.19988/j.cnki.issn.2095-1159.2022.05.006, Han, X., and Yang, H. (2009). Med. Metacognitive experience of time passing (METP) refers to an individuals awareness and understanding of a situation related to their sense of time passing, including both metacognitive emotional and thinking experiences of time passing. Feeling of the passage of time: current situation, influencing factors and its mediating effects among college students. Predicting the perceived flow of time from qualities of activity and depth of engagement. Sample 1 took part in an open and semi-structured interview. Rev. It is worth noting that the correlation between EETP and each dimension of the Rumination Scale was higher than that between RETP and the same dimensions of the Rumination Scale. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115, Power, S. E. (2009). Crossman, Ashley. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. O A. Int. ThoughtCo, Apr. From the perspectives of physics and philosophy, it is less likely to make a definitive conclusion about the existence of time and its passage, and the related debate seems to be continued. The variable is quantitative because it is a numerical measure. However, a very real and thought-provoking question is: If time does not exist (or barely exists), then why do we have such a strong sense of it? Res. Solved 2. Determine whether the following variables are | Chegg.com Postal ZIP codes The variable is because ZIP codes are Type here to search Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. 10, 125. This means that the number of racial/ethnic differences is 85 percent of the maximum possible differences. Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. Is time an illusion? Square the percentages for each . 18, 113130. There was a significant positive correlation between ruminative experience of time passing (RETP) and RR (r =0.20, p<0.001), and RRs three dimensions (r =0.13 to 0.26, p<0.01). In addition, RETP was found to have a significant positive correlation with PPA, PPR, and PFU, no relationship with NPA and NPR, but a significant negative correlation with NFU (r =0.11, p <0.01). The IQV is based on the ratio of the total number of differences in the distribution to the maximum number of possible differences in the same distribution. Second, Compared to the other dimensions of the Rumination Scale (RS), reflective pondering (RPD) had the highest correlation with the RETP dimension in the METP Scale (r =0.26). Sin. This scale was developed through the course of this study, and the first version of it consisted of 24 questions and was scored on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). 28, 6082. J. O B. Affect. In the S-shape model, changes in the ETP occur in the context of standard units of objective time. Philos. (2018b) measured the feeling of the passage of time, in which the negative emotion of time passing and susceptibility occupy the construct. L. B. Resnick (NJ: ERLBAUM), 232. Hint: Data that are discrete often start with the words "the number of." the number of pairs of shoes you own. J. Psychol. Review of research on time issues. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12466, Lamotte, M., Chakroun, N., Droit-Volet, S., and Izaute, M. (2014). Front. Solved Determine whether the variable is qualitative or | Chegg.com 1.2 Data Classification Flashcards | Quizlet The retest reliability of the total Scale and the RETP and EETP dimensions of the METP Scale were 0.78, 0.77, and 0.78, respectively. The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1180863/full#supplementary-material, Alonso, P., Menchn, J. M., Mataix-Cols, D., Pifarr, J., Urretavizcaya, M., Crespo, J. M., et al. C. Ratio. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.12.010, Droit-Volet, S., and Wearden, J. Health Psychol. The results also showed that RETP is significantly positively correlated with MLQ-S and MLQ-P, with a higher correlation to MLQ-S. Mello and Worrell (2007) found that the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory showed poor reliability and validity in adolescents, and in response, developed the Adolescent Time Attitude Inventory (ATAI). Chinese version of Nolen-Hoeksema ruminative responses scale (RRS) used in 912 college students: reliability and validity. Notably, recent research has shown significant differences in the feeling of the passage of time (FPT) across a number of demographic variables. Stressors of COVID-19 and stress consequences: the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of psychological support. 37, 381390. Quantitative Variables: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter Math Statistics Quantitative Variables Quantitative Variables Quantitative Variables Calculus Absolute Maxima and Minima Absolute and Conditional Convergence Accumulation Function Accumulation Problems Algebraic Functions Alternating Series Antiderivatives Application of Derivatives Next, based on the results of the semi-structured interview, the initial questionnaire was developed with consideration of the perspective of metacognitive thinking and emotional experience. Struct. 68, 400410. The formula for the index of qualitative variation is: Where Kis the number of categories in the distribution and Pct2 is the sum of all squared percentages in the distribution. Time and its passage is a subject of study both ancient and modern. (2017). Furthermore, the time perspective scale used in both studies lacked a detailed division of future, that is, specifying future positive and future negative, which is crucial for adolescents which did not rise to the level of metacognition in the stage of identity development. The Adolescent Time Attitude Scale-English. The variable is quantitative because it is an attribute characteristic. If the participants agree, the interview will start, if they do not agree, they can leave the psychological counseling room immediately. Curr. 14, 209215. Neuro Quantol. Zip code is a qualitative variable because it categorizes a location. doi: 10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2023.01.024, Yu, X., Liu, J., Feng, G., Chen, X., and Lu, C. (2022). B. The results showed that the present hedonistic perspective was related to a faster subjective experience of the passage of the previous week; the future perspective was associated with a generally faster subjective experience of the passage of time overall; in contrast, a balanced time perspective was positively correlated with a slower subjective experience of the passage of the previous 10years (Wittmann et al., 2015). The intrinsic time consciousness of Husserl and the time perspective of the Western philosophy. New Sci. Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative. Explain And, in view of the synchronous emphasis of time, space, people, and events in traditional Chinese time culture, apart from the background indicators of time experience, what other influencing factors affect Chinese college students METP? doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.409, Wang, X. In contrast, few empirical studies currently exist on METP, as the other metacognitive factor of time passing. Consider the following variable: Temperature. Classify the variable as Answer - The variable is qualitative because it is an attribute characteristic. (2021). 100% (2 ratings) Transcribed image text: Determine whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative Number of words in a speech Is the variable qualitative or quantitative? Acta Psychol. For example, Yu et al. The regression coefficient estimation and related results are shown in Table 7. The results of the independent sample t-test showed that there were significant differences in the scores of the two groups on the 24 initial items (t =8.13~22.54, p <0.001). Prior psychological studies have also found that the distortion of time processing can be related to emotions such as social exclusion (Twenge et al., 2003), sadness (Gil and Droit-Volet, 2009), and anxiety (Liu and Li, 2019). Qualitative time exists in contrast to technical time which has cyclic characteristics, and is typically measured according to events such as a meal, a cup of tea, or even a pillar of incense in Chinese expression (Yu, 2022). Psychol. The illusion of the experience of the passage of time. Metacognitive questionnaire on time: feeling of the passage of time. Although the structure of the METP Scale developed in the current study has measurement invariance in gender, grade, and major, there are still a large number of differences in the demographic variables of our samples. The Chinese version of the questionnaire contains 30 questions measuring six dimensions: positive past (PPA), negative past (NPA), positive present (PPR), negative present (NPR), positive future (PFU), and negative future (NFU), with five items for each dimension.
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