I usually adjust it after adding the grain with a combination of malic acid and calcium carbonate. The extensive step-by-step process is explained in this article . Thank you all and happy holidays. 6 oz. 10.1007/BF00270792, Taherzadeh MJ, Niklasson C, Liden G: Acetic acid - friend or foe in anaerobic batch conversion of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae? Whiskey is one of those spirits where age does matter. 2. Originally published as "Taters in a Barrel" in the March/April 1980 issue of MOTHER EARTH NEWS. You can show these changes as simple chemical equations, but the biochemistry of the reactions is much, much more complicated than this suggests. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. I have not a stitch of scientific reason, or any other really, solid basis, for the 90 gram amount; the complex recipe that I posted first called for one packet of vodka yeast, which is 72 grams, so I figured if I am using baker's yeast and not tailoring the mash with chemicals to suite the exact needs of the yeast that I might be better off with a little extra. A 6-inch column coupled to a 500 to 1,200-gallon tank will run a batch in four to seven hours. Use the plastic tube to siphon the wine into the containers. Alcohol is either made by fermentation, distillation, or by combining beverages of different categories. Our shop uses cookies. The raw materials can be used immediately, but they must be dried and ground before use. Whiskey Recipes - Copper and Stainless Steel Distillation and BIAB I just started Birdwatchers and Wineos Plain Ol Sugar Wash tonight -- the wheat wash is doing awesome, btw (it smells like really potent beer, I swear I can smell alcohol). McMillan JD: Bioethanol production: status and prospects. At that size, youd be best served with a hammermill or grinder to prep the feedstock, separate cooking and fermentation tanks, a storage vessel for stillage or spent beer with residuals (along with a press to separate the marketable distillers grains), and storage for the ethanol itself. Password* Toon Hide The association between starch content and alcohol yield has been studied in wheat, maize, and sorghum [10]. This is a good straight forward recipie thank you every one ive looked at before I found this was so over complicated xHEHelen Henshaw September 28 2021. Create your own homemade juniper gin now. After applying this correction for lactic acid, the yield slightly exceeds the theoretical maximum for mixture D (Figure 5). Yes, alcohol can be made without yeast, but it's nearly impossible to make any kind of alcohol that doesn't contain any yeast from the natural environment. by memetic Fri Oct 29, 2010 9:42 am, Post Thoroughly sterilize your equipment and then rinse clean. 1. Ultrapure water was used as eluent at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. 100 gallons of water 2. Food waste is another good option, and so are crop culls. Eng Life Sci 2009, 2: 96-99. Taherzadeh MJ, Niklasson C, Liden G: Acetic acid - friend or foe in anaerobic batch conversion of glucose to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ? Produces very impure ethanol which needs further processing. I have better things to do than babysit my fermenters. Originally, I was looking for some local wheat, but discovered they stopped growing it here some years ago after it was blighted. Cookies policy. Novozymes A/S 2004. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-3-16, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-3-16. But you can also use potatoes, fruits, or even just sugar . (Apartment Still), Concentric Pot/Reflux Still (Experimental), A little spoon feeding for New & Novice Distillers. Google Scholar, Wheals AE, Basso LC, Alves DMG, Amorim HV: Fuel ethanol after 25 years. If you were buying wheat at $4.50 a bushel and could make 2.56 gallons of alcohol from that wheat the substrate cost of the gallon of alcohol would be $1.75. How to make Alcohol at Home (Ethanol) NileRed 4.92M subscribers Join Subscribe 6.2M views 8 years ago REUPLOADED DUE TO SOUND ISSUE. Read on to prepare this at your home. Ethanol production is a natural process that comes about through the fermentation of carbohydrates organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. You can modify these gas engines to run on straight alcohol (more on engine modificationsinRun Your Car on Ethanol,below). Production of alcohol from raw wheat flour by Amyloglucosidase and Gardening Organically with Vegetables and Fruits. Stir in Raw Cane Sugar and stir with your long spoon until the sugar is completely dissolved. by memetic Mon Dec 20, 2010 9:15 am, Post Well, I am going to do a hybrid approach to the recipe above with this recipe: I haven't started it yet. Now, fire up that still. I was surprised that there was no recipe for a wheat vodka in the "Tried and True Recipes" section. This idea of pumping air, while it might finish a few hours sooner and make you feel like you are doing something, is probably not worth it. Contact Us Now. This is the process at Ohishi Distillery. Legal. The stuff that makes you sick (pathogenic bacteria) will not likely survive in wine. And when yeast starter eats alcohol, it makes a lot more yeast. by memetic Fri Oct 29, 2010 11:11 am, Post While mixing, add 5 pounds of crushed malted barley. I usually just give it a good stir to get some air in before I pitch the yeast, and never aerate after, and I haven't had fermentation problems in years. ACS Symposium Series 566. Ethanol production from mixtures of wheat straw and wheat meal, Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0. If via fermentation, homemade wine can reach a maximum of about 20% alcohol by volume (ABV), and that requires some level of difficulty. Heat the water to 125 F. Youll notice the sweet-smelling ethanol pronouncing itself. Maximizing alcohol yields from wheat and maize and their coproducts In principle, there are two different alcohols which might be formed: You might expect to get either propan-1-ol or propan-2-ol depending on which way around the water adds to the double bond. Biotechnol Biofuels 3, 16 (2010). But youre going DIY, so that means you can make the extract stronger by putting it back in the distillation setup to minimize alcohol loss. Uses renewable resources based on plant material. Before you drink it and bottle your whiskey, it should be diluted to around 40% or 45% ABV for a much more satisfying drinking experience. If you grow your own corn, you can distill more than 300 gallons of ethanol from 1 acre of corn. . At this time, I am strictly interested in making a wheat vodka. Pour 4 oz. Home Summer Fancy Food Show trends: Elevated snacks, alcohol-free sips, upgraded breakfast Recovery of solids, sugars and water-insoluble lignin. For this guide, we will be using potatoes to create the mash for the. 0:00 / 10:03 Ethanol | Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing from Broken Rice | Maize | Wheat. I have searched around the net (and tried to search here, but couldn't for some reason). With a little specialized equipment and know-how, you can turn these materials into alcohol fuel, and it will cost less than you would pay at the pump for gasoline or commercially produced ethanol. The theoretical amount of glucose released during the hydrolysis was calculated by multiplying the amount of glucan by 1.11. Enjoyed this read? Maximizing high-quality hearts heightens the senses. Fuel-injected engines can have their injectors replaced for greater flow, or the fuel pressure increased. Making ethanol by fermentation This method only applies to ethanol and you cannot make any other alcohol this way. Enzyme Microb Technol 1988, 5: 315-318. Compared to gasoline, ethanol emits about 20 percent fewer hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. POWERING THE FUTURE: HOW WE WILL (EVENTUALLY) SOLVE THE ENERGY CRISIS AND FUEL THE CIVILZIATION OF TOMORROW. It can be any kindwhite, wheat, rye, pumpernickel. I have about an hour or so to go on finishing my rig (see my other posts for pictures). It was called alcohol, and it was a clean-burning fluid generally sold as lamp fuel. Again, contact the manufacturer if you're in doubt or make your own pia coladas from scratch using coconut cream and pineapple. If we all switch to driving electric vehicles, the market could drown in excess corn. 3 Altmetric Metrics Abstract Background Bioethanol can be produced from sugar-rich, starch-rich (first generation; 1G) or lignocellulosic (second generation; 2G) raw materials. 4. Chemical treatment with a mixture of HNO3 and ethanol (4:1) resulted in higher concentrations of reducing sugar and ethanol (4.09 g/dm 3 ) as compared to untreated lignin-containing straw (1.23. by rad14701 Tue Dec 21, 2010 6:49 am, Post Collect the hearts in 500 mL batches until you get to the tails part. Rice is polished to remove bitter starches. Learn how to make gin in this step-by-step distilling guide. Almost 100% of the glucose was recovered, based on the content in the raw material, of which about 95% was recovered in the solid fraction (Figure 2). Homesteading Poultry - Chicken, Turkey, Ducks Archives, Raising Ducks and Geese: Articles & Ideas, Power Equipment Articles - Lawn and Garden Equipment, Sustainable Farming & Agriculture Articles, Homemade Cheese Recipes: Cheese Making Articles, Tools and Equipment Articles, Stories & News, Natural Health - Nutrition Articles & Tips. Last Guide To Homemade Wine, Vodka, Whiskey You'll Ever Need - Advanced Biomass Bioenergy 2008, 5: 422-430. (PDF) Production of Grain Whisky and Ethanol from Wheat - ResearchGate Beware of it, this could make people blind from drinking grain alcohol. How to Make Vodka (with Pictures) - wikiHow: How-to instructions you Thank you. Just throw the yeast on top of the mash, come back in a about a week and it will be done. Stir for 30 seconds every 10 minutes. A stream of reactants is passed continuously over a catalyst. Once the sprouts are ready, you need to mash it by grinding the meal and dont forget to add boiling water in this process. The effect of this is that there are bound to be some alcohols which it is impossible to make by reacting alkenes with steam because the addition would be the wrong way around. 10.1007/s00253-002-1058-9. Originally published as Make Your Own Gas! When making beer we don't even bother taking a ph of the water or resulting wort. Car engines have to be modified to run on straight ethanol. What are the three ways alcohol is made? We gratefully acknowledge the Swedish Energy Agency for its financial support, and the European Community Vocational Training Programme (Leonardo da Vinci) for mobility support. Sheehan described the flavor as "like wheat gluten, but a little bit . Once the simple sugars are established, yeast is added to feast upon the sugar, reproduce and, in the process, expel carbon dioxide and alcohol. Self watering wick systems are simple to assemble, and they use less water than other methods. This page titled The Manufacture of Alcohols is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark. After fermentation is complete, the ethanol must be distilled from the water. Sustainable Living - Blog, Articles, & Tips. But, if I can get to the kind of simplicity you're describing I would be very happy indeed. These same elements that make sugar can also form alcohol. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990405)63:1<46::AID-BIT5>3.0.CO;2-J. In 1925, Henry Ford told a New York Times reporter that Theres enough alcohol in one years yield of an acre of potatoes to drive the machinery necessary to cultivate the fields for a hundred years. This self-made businessman recognized the value of the American farm, and more specifically, the importance of domestically sourced materials. Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethene with steam. For example, Bourbon must contain at least 51% corn. You can perform tweaks and make it on par with commercial vodkas at 40% ABV or stronger. The reason that there is a problem with some alcohols is well illustrated with trying to make an alcohol from propene, CH3CH=CH2. You can generate useful byproducts when producing ethanol, including livestock feed. Mix the yeast starter into the fermentation bucket. As it is prepared after refining cereal grain, it has no color to it and has no other flavors added. Ready for the most deluxe pickled corn recipe you've ever seen? Shipping and taxes calculated at checkout. If below 1.065, add sugar to reach 1.065. I like simplicity loneswinger, and I plan on building a large VM rig and jumping up to much larger quantities soon, so I'll definitely put your suggestions to the test over here. Insert the hydrometer into the must. Crush the grapes to release the must (grape juice) into the main fermentation container. of shelled corn 5. Clean your still. I used a compressor and a piece of pex plumbing I had lying around to do the aerating. The catalyst used is solid silicon dioxide coated with phosphoric(V) acid. Drinking heads will leave you with the worst hangover of your life. The bonds in the molecular structure of celluloses are difficult to break, but most plant starches and sugars are easily broken down into simple sugars with the addition of heat, water, and enzymes. Single grain scotch is made with 100% malted barley. One of the strongest arguments for ethanol fuel is that we can make it ourselves, with no dependence on foreign resources. Scrub the potatoes to remove residual dirt. var myObj = JSON.parse(this.responseText); Are there any dangers of drinking homemade vodka? Please follow the instructions given below: 1. 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00211-8, Palmqvist E, Hahn-Hgerdal B: Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates, II: inhibitors and mechanisms of inhibition. You can use your hands to do the crushing, but if you're making a lot of wine, you might want to get a fruit press online or from a wine supply store. Ethanol production from mixtures of wheat straw and wheat meal. And really the way you do it is up to you. If you are growing the crop yourself, the . Hes also the author ofAlcohol Fuel: Making and Using Ethanol as a Renewable Fuel. crush/cook/add malt/enzymes, then if you want check PH, you do it this way because the grain can change the PH. Polimeri 2008, 4: 243-243. Download Citation | Production of alcohol from raw wheat flour by Amyloglucosidase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Ethanol production, by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process . Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2006, 12: 496-508. This means that more ATP has to be generated to maintain the intracellular pH, which is achieved in anaerobic conditions by producing more ethanol, resulting in increased ethanol yield [19, 38, 41]. Homemade whiskey can go up or under, depending on how efficiently alcohol was separated from water using evaporation and condensation. Assuming 70% ethanol yield from pentoses, the final ethanol concentration in the fermentation broth could be further improved by 3-5 g/L ethanol. How to Make Vodka at Home: A Master Moonshiner's Complete Guide However, at higher concentrations of acetic acid (> 10 g/L) [18], the ethanol yield is decreased. The experiments were run for 72 h in the case of pure PWM, and for 96 h in the case of SPWS or mixtures of the substrates. Vodka From Stale Bread & Crusts : 4 Steps (with Pictures At this point, the whiskey probably contains 60- 80% ABV, which would result in extremely strong, uncomfortable drinking. Theres no big difference between how they do it in big distilleries except youd be doing it at a tiny fraction of the cost and in the comfort of your home. The recovery of xylose, which is the main sugar in hemicellulose, was 67%, the major fraction of which was obtained in the liquid phase (prehydrolysate). Enzymes in the yeast first convert carbohydrates like maltose or sucrose into even simpler ones like glucose and fructose, both \(C_6H_{12}O_6\), and then convert these in turn into ethanol and carbon dioxide. This is the tricky part. Alcohol Fuel Basics in the April/May 2010 issue of MOTHER EARTH NEWS. If it reads less than 1.010, add sugar. Information on pool zoning, natural filtration, and algae control. Some inhibitors, such as acetic acid, HMF and furfural were also detected after pretreatment (Table 3). Alcohol to Drink on a Gluten-Free Diet - Verywell Fit - Know More. Be The thing about homemade wine is that it can taste awful, but it can also taste great. are made with gluten ingredients and distilled grain alcohol made from wheat or barley. Production of alcohol from raw wheat flour by - ScienceDirect.com Then you can take this liquid in a glass jar. of yeast 3. xmlhttp.send(); ADr PremGuides and MagazinesWebsite If you add a molecule H-X across a carbon-carbon double bond, the hydrogen nearly always gets attached to the carbon with the most hydrogens on it already - in this case the CH2 rather than the CH. The Smoothest Moonshine Mash Recipe You Will Ever Need - Captcha Transfer the corn to your main fermentation jars. by memetic Thu Dec 23, 2010 11:47 am, Post The column uses a series of perforated plates or packed compartments to remove the water in a process called fractionation. statement and (By next fall, I want to not only be able to make this vodka, but all of the ingredients to make it.) Increasing the proportion of WIS of the lignocellulosic material should be studied further in an attempt to improve the ethanol production from mainly lignocellulosics. Energy Policy 2008, 9: 3360-3365. Optimum presaccharification in a starch-based material is about 50-70 dextrose equivalents (DE), which is an indication of the total amount of reducing sugars, expressed as D-glucose, present in the solution [25, 37]. Edited by: Wyman CE. You can find used equipment for distilling ethanol, or if you weld, you can make your own. by loneswinger Wed Dec 22, 2010 10:14 am, Post Are there any dangers of drinking homemade whiskey? I followed the simple recipe. of sugar 4. It also depends on what type of drink youre aiming for, but the general rule of thumb in DIY alcohol is to be patient. A simple batch still can be made from an old water heater and a length of 3-inch conduit and heated by wood or natural gas. It would be silly to refine sugar if all you were going to use it for was fermentation. In that study also, a high degree of inhibition of cellulase activity was observed at a glucose concentration range of 0 to 100 g/L. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The DM content of wheat meal consists of 72.7% starch and 24.3% SFR, showing that this part of the crop could also be an important source of lignocellulose. Washington: American Chemical Society; 1994:292-324. full_text, Chapter One of the strongest arguments for ethanol fuel is that we can make it ourselves, with no dependence on foreign resources. If via fermentation, homemade wine can reach a maximum of about 20% alcohol by volume (ABV), and that requires some level of difficulty. I have experimented with every type of ingredient imaginable, yet the smoothest mash I have ever made is so simple it will surprise you. Palmqvist E, Hahn-Hgerdal B, Galbe M, Larsson S, Stenberg K, Szengyel Z, Tengborg C, Zacchi G: Design and operation of a bench-scale process development unit for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosics. The glucose concentration in the PWM after presaccharification was 164 g/L. How To Make Wheat Wine At Home - SloWine - Just Wine. To work out your alcohol content take the SG when u pitch your yeast (should be nice and . So making a neutral spirit or a vodka, that's a five-step process. Correspondence to Select your grapes and toss out rotten or odd-looking ones. Grain alcohol is a clear liquid, with no color, no smell, and no taste. Then, mix in the yeast and stir again. 10.1007/BF01575753, Palmqvist E, Grage H, Meinander NQ, Hahn-Hagerdal B: Main and interaction effects of acetic acid, furfural, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid on growth and ethanol productivity of yeasts. 2. 14K views 2 years ago #BrokenRice 2. I know that my compressor has a tendency to spit out some nasty stuff at times. How To Make Homemade Vodka Using Potatoes [A Step-By-Step Guide Uses high temperatures and pressures, needing lots of energy input. ZB and BS carried out the experiments. How do you make alcohol without yeast? Pampulha ME, Loureiro-Dias MC: Combined effect of acetic-acid, ph and ethanol on intracellular ph of fermenting yeast. As I mentioned in the beginning, grain alcohol is made from a fermented mixture of corn, yeast, sugar, and water. Observe that water is running through the barrel and coming out towards the bottom of it. The raw material:meal ratios are in the range of 0.5-2.6 in the mixtures. Integration of 2G ethanol with 1G could facilitate the introduction of the 2G technology. So, here's the nitty gritty. Foreshots contain methanol which is extremely volatile and toxic. by memetic Mon Dec 20, 2010 3:44 pm, Post If it turns blue, it has reacted to starches present which means the fermentation is not complete. Forgot your password? The total solids recovery by the steam pretreatment was 79%. I only added 1.2 TBSP of 5.2 pH adjuster (mixed in water) while aerating. Variation in ethanol concentration with time during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of steam-pretreated wheat straw (SPWS), presaccharified wheat meal (PWM) and mixtures of the two (A to D). Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D: Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass. The Manufacture of Alcohols - Home - Chemistry LibreTexts Ballesteros I, Negro MJ, Oliva JM, Cabanas A, Manzanares P, Ballesteros M: Ethanol production from steam-explosion pretreated wheat straw. For this guide, we will be using potatoes to create the mash for the vodka. The table below is a breakdown of representative costs and recovery for a small operation, which will vary depending upon your particular situation. However, the yield was still rather high (87% of theoretical yield) when straw and meal were used in the proportions at harvest, as in mixture B. Ethanol is a liquid alcohol. The principle behind this method, which is a single infusion-mash method, is to use flaked wheat rather than undispersed hard wheat. In the present study, we achieved 68 DE during starch hydrolysis after a total reaction time of 5 h (liquefaction and subsequent saccharification). In the pure wheat straw-based process, 5.4 kg dry raw material is needed to produce 1 L of ethanol, whereas the corresponding amount of wheat meal is only 2.4 kg. Vodka is commonly made from wheat, rye, barley, corn, or potatoes. Strain the juice to remove the sediment and froth. Theres a reason why distilling at home without a license is illegal. 10.1007/s002530000328, Tengborg C, Galbe M, Zacchi G: Reduced inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-pretreated softwood. Ethanol production from mixtures of wheat straw and wheat meal Im not here to tell you about the agri-industrial agenda to produce ethanol on a massive scale. The most significant inhibitors, because of their concentrations, were acetic acid and furfural. Several fermentation inhibitors were present in the slurry during SSF when SPWS was also added to the mixtures. And thats not even mentioning the risks involved. . The alcohol vapors rise, while the water condenses and drops back to be reintroduced as a vapor mix again and again. The fermentable percentage of common grains and root crops varies drastically between 16 and nearly 80 percent. We use 100 proof organic (non-GMO) cane alcohol from PharmCo to make all of our alcohol-based herbal extracts. However, pretreatment is required to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of SFR fibres, which was not performed in the present study. The final 35% of your vodka run is the tails. Believe it or not, you can grow potatoes in a barrel full of mostly sawdust. Destexhe A, Peckous L, Picart L: Using enzymes in ethanol production. Significant differences, in terms of the initial rate of ethanol formation, were observed between SSF on pure SPWS and SSF on mixtures containing different proportions of PWM. As a matter of fact, if youve already reached a certain level of expertise, you can make wine at home that is better not. This process is called "racking". The most rapid ethanol formation (6.7 g/L/hour) was obtained with pure PWM. #logo img{width:155px}@media only screen and (max-width:47.5em){#logo img{width:120px}}. If percentage of alcohol level is high, it may be highly flammable. Contents show Can You Make Alcohol Without Yeast? BE, ZB and BS analysed the results. . When filling a pallet with grain, do not use cold or boiling water; instead, spread it on a pallet with warm water. Even using culled feedstocks will not guarantee an economical product if you waste energy during production. I figured if I have to go out of state I might as well buy it online. PDF All-Grain Wheat-Mash Vodka - Moonshine Stills, Alcohol Stills Kits Here you are ready with your grain alcohol which comes out after a few dark liquid. . In a 10 gallon (38 l) metal pot with lid, heat 6 gallons (23 l) of water to about 165 F (74 C). In many parts of the world, it is familiar as pure grain alcohol. By using this website, you agree to our From an acre of corn, you could produce 300 gallons of ethanol. Extra care should be taken while making grain alcohol. But great whiskey, now thats a different story. Ethanol yield as a function of acetic acid concentration during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) (average of acetic acid concentrations at 0 and 24 h). By comparison, the total yield obtained if the fermentations are carried out separately is 78%. What alcohols are made of wheat? - Coalition Brewing Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1989, 5-6: 547-550. He lives in Hendersonville, N.C., and is the publisher and technical editor of BackHome Magazine. When you see these fields, you might think of food. So what does it take to set up a small-scale distillery? Raise the heat to 140F and stir continuously until the temperature is reached. Make your own ethanol fuel - Journey to Forever I had a tough time getting the temp stable (I have radiant floor heat), so I put it in a box on top of some foam and wrapped xmas lights around it. Put the corn in the burlap bag and cover it with warm water. [7 days later] More rice is added to create a larger batch, called second moromi. Production of alcohol from raw wheat flour by Amyloglucosidase and Centrifugal pumps, plumbing, and valves are also a necessary part of the plan, along with a hydrometer, several thermometers, and pH and sugar testing tools. 7 H2O and yeast extract were used at concentrations of 0.5, 0.025 and 1.0 g/L, respectively. In general homemade wine is just as safe as commercial wine. by memetic Wed Dec 08, 2010 5:10 pm, Post Assuming you have access to all the equipment, then the hard part is over. Your US state privacy rights, The simplest engine modifications include advancing the ignition timing by several degrees, rejetting the carburetors main fuel circuit to increase jet diameter by 30 to 35 percent in area, and adjusting or enlarging the idle circuit to allow more fuel flow. For a 5 gallon wash, prepare to throw out the first 50 - 100 mL of condensed liquid just to be safe. This can affect the amount and variety of options served and may cause our team to run out of an item before the meal period ends. The proportions of glucan and lignin were increased by pretreatment, from 38.8 and 16.1% (Table 2) of the DM in the raw material to 67.6 and 23.1% (Table 3; sugars are presented as monomers) of the DM in the SPWS, respectively, indicating a high degree of hemicellulose hydrolysis. A wide variety of other crops can be used for alcohol-fuel production including apples, potatoes, rye, and wheat. 25 lbs. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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