He is also known for his strong anti-Houthi sentiments and has positive relations with Yemen's neighbouring countries and members of the Saudi-led coalition. [7] After his resignation, the government was assumed by the Houthi Supreme Revolutionary Committee. Though the STC signed the Saudi-brokered Riyadh Agreement in November 2019 to prevent future confrontations, there are no signs that the deal has been a success. Mohammed Alshuwaiter is a legal consultantspecialized in international law, human rights, and Yemeni law. More still have died due to hunger or disease. Upon his defeat, Brig Al Zubaidi was self-exiled to Djibouti and returned to the country two years after the 1994 war ended. Facing this constitutional dilemma, the legitimate government must study the political options for post-Hadi scenarios to avoid a potential presidential vacuum. Elaborating on mediation efforts, he pointed to his fruitful discussions with the President of that country's Presidential Leadership Council, Rashad al-Alimi. It is important to address the question of legitimacy after Hadi because the constitutional rules on how to transfer his authority to a successor and how to avoid a presidential vacuum are impractical given the ongoing conflict. President Jimmy Carter's decisive stance in Yemen in 1979 kept the Soviet Union from dominating Arabia. On August 6, security forces apparently affiliated with the Southern Transitional Council (STC), a secessionist organization in southern Yemen, detained Yemeni journalist Ahmed Maher from his home in the southern port city of Aden, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists. Then what? [15] D'Entrves, Legality and Legitimacy, 688. The Strategic Reserve Forces replaces the Republican Guard. The mahram requirement bars women from traveling without a male guardian or evidence of their written approval. They may not be challenged before the institutions of the State.[3] The GCC Initiative gave itself preeminence over the constitution by stipulating the authority of the president, his government, and the Parliament. Yemen at 'critical juncture' in bid to end eight-year war: UN Special [22] Following the war he was promoted to vice president on 3 October 1994, replacing Ali Salim Al-Beidh, who had resigned and fought against the government during the civil war. Of course, the government couldn't accept that.". . [10] Lyse Doucet, Yemen War: Separatists Declare Autonomous Rule in South, BBC, April 26, 2020, Accessed May 11, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-52428998. "They have consolidated their power in the north and that won't change any time soon," he said. Where does legitimacy lie in a country that has been divided, so far, between three separate actors: the Houthi movement (officially known as Ansarallah), backed by Iran, in Sanaa and the North; the Southern Transitional Council (STC), backed by the UAE, in Aden; and President Hadis legitimate government, backed by Saudi Arabia, in some of the western governorates, Marib, and Shabwa. Published On 15 Jun 2023 15 Jun 2023. . The last parliamentary elections in Yemen were held in 2003, which resulted in a comfortable majority of 238 seats for the GPC, out of a total of 301 seats, leaving only 59 seats for all opposition parties (and four for non-partisans). Elisabeth Kendall, an analyst at the University of Oxford, told Al Jazeera that change and rapprochement with the Houthis was never going to happen under the leadership of President Hadi. COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Since August, 2021 the United States has donated 319,200 safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine doses with the people of Yemen. [3][5][1] He then became Chairman of the Supreme Security Committee and Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Defense and Security Affairs in May 2008, subsequently becoming a member of the Yemeni National Dialogue Conference, then adviser to President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi in 2014. Salehs army and government allies undermined the transition as al-Qaeda fighters carved out a mini-state and hit Sanaa with ever bloodier bombings. The Kingdom of Yemen (colloquially known as North Yemen) became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and in 1962 became the Yemen Arab Republic. I hold the US in part responsible, UKambassador to Yemen took part in opening of Jordanian cigarette factory. He was previously the Vice President from 1994 to 2012. As of 7 April 2022, the role is fulfilled by the Deputy Chairmen of the Presidential Leadership Council . The European Union has placed further sanctions on Iran as a result. [45], On 25 March 2017 a court in the Houthi-controlled Sana'a sentenced Hadi and six other government officials to death in absentia for "high treason", which meant "incitement and assistance" to Saudi Arabia and its allies. More than half of Yemens population faces food insecurity, which was further exacerbated by the conflict in Ukraine. A legitimate authority may be one that can provide salaries, basic services, and security, not one acting from exile for a long period of time. Hadis government has faced the same accusations of corruption and mismanagement as his autocratic predecessor, from both the Houthis and nominal allies under the coalition. "Everything the Saudi Arabia-led coalition has done has ultimately only led to a further expansion of the Houthis' power.". [32], In response to the murder of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi after visiting a Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Hadi said that the "cheap political and media targeting of Saudi Arabia will not deter it from continuing its leading role in the Arab and Islamic worlds. He also said that the council was tasked with negotiating with the Houthi rebels to agree to a permanent ceasefire. [29], From his early days at office, Hadi advocated fighting Al-Qaida as an important goal. He comes from one of the governorate's main tribes and has been considered an effective leader in resolving tribal disputes. Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi delivers a speech in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia as he delegates his own powers to a presidential council. [9][10] Rashad Al-Alimi, met King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, during an official visit to Saudi Arabia on 29 April 2022 for support of all peace efforts in Yemen and the region. Gen Al Alimi has been up and down the ranks of Yemens government since the 1990s, serving as Yemen's former interior minister and deputy prime minister for security and defence. Gen Rashad Al Alimi, pictured at Sanaa airport on June 13, 2012. Born in 1970, Mr Mujali is also a member of the General People's Congress. Share this via Telegram Being an internationally recognized president gave Hadi the authority under international law, namely Article 51 of the UN Charter, to call for a foreign military intervention. Most consequential shift in the inner workings of the anti-Huthi block since war began. "They are in a strong position because of the way the war has developed up until now," he told DW. 26 Jun 2023 16:35:35 List Of Leaders Of Yemen - World Map / World Atlas / Atlas of the World [26] For many Yemenis, particularly in northwestern Yemen, this decentralization was less attractive. A photograph of a remnant from one of the munitions used in the attack included markings indicating that it was a laser-guided missile kit manufactured by the US defense contractor Raytheon. Under the Constitution of Yemen, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces and head of the executive branch of the Yemeni government . According to other UN figures, around 375,000 people, or 1.25% of the total population, have been killed by wartime violence since 2015. List of Presidents of the Yemen Arab Republic (1962-1990) For presidents of Yemen after 1990, see President of Yemen . ", "President or Fugitive? "[33], Hadi was forced to agree to a power-sharing deal after the fall of Sana'a to the rebel umbrella organization Ansar Allah in September 2014. In the last week of July, 38 children were killed or injured by the parties to the conflict, the highest number of child casualties in one week since early 2020, according to Save the Children. [4], A member of the General People's Congress, he was Minister of the Interior from 4 April 2001 to 2008. Yemen: Briefing and Consultations : What's In Blue : Security Council (Switzerland) said the start of 2023 has seen Yemen suffer the effects of soaring inflation and high levels of food insecurity, compounded by increasingly harsh economic measures . [13] D'Entrves, Legality and Legitimacy, 690. Indiscriminate attacks have destroyed schools and hospitals and killed or injured thousands of children. In March 2015, the Saudi-led coalition entered the war against the Houthis and took Hadi to Riyadh. Al Jazeera Centre for Public Liberties & Human Rights. Legitimacy is the cornerstone of any political system. Other members of the council include Sultan Al Aradah, who has been governor of Marib since 2012. The people directly elect the president and the Parliament (Majlis al-Nuwaab). Yemeni police inspect a site of Saudi-led airstrikes that hit two houses in Sanaa, Yemen, March 26, 2022. [48][49] The presidential council's leader had close ties with Saudi Arabia, and some of Yemen's other political groups, including the Islah party. Yemens protracted armed conflict and humanitarian crisis severely impact children: 13 million children in Yemen need humanitarian assistance, 2 million are internally displaced, and more than 10,200 children have been killed or maimed, according to UNICEF. It is important to emphasize that the legitimacy of a government is linked to the extent to which it is law-abiding. Yemens exiled president has stepped aside and transferred his powers to a presidential council as international and regional efforts to end the countrys long-running civil war gained momentum with a two-month truce. Disputes over the register of voters maintained by Yemens Supreme Commission for Elections and Referendums delayed the parliamentary elections scheduled for 2009. Houthis Reject Hadi's letter to Parliament", "Saudi Arabia: Yemen's President Hadi Arrives in Saudi Capital Riyadh", "Yemeni President Hadi 'under house arrest' in Riyadh", "Hopes of peace in Yemen as President hands power to new presidential council", "War-ravaged Yemen gets a truce and dumps a tired president", "Saudi Arabia Pushed Yemen's Elected President to Step Aside, Saudi and Yemeni Officials Say", "Saudi Arabia forced Yemen's president to resign, says report", "Saleh's successor: low-profile warrior of consensus in Yemen", "Yemen profile President: Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi", "Yemen's New President Sworn into Office", "AFP: Yemen's Saleh formally steps down after 33 years", "Yemen's National Dialogue Behind Closed Doors", "Yemen president vows to pursue Qaeda-linked militants", "Yemen's president warns of a civil war 'worse than Afghanistan', "NDC extends Hadi's term for one year on a day marked by an assassination', "Middle East leaders back Saudi Arabia after Jamal Khashoggi's murder", "Yemen's Houthis reject new power-sharing government", "Yemen leader expected to accept demands of Houthis who defeat his", "Yemen crisis: President resigns as rebels tighten hold", "UN calls for Yemen President Hadi's reinstatement", "Yemen talks to resume as coup is condemned", "Hadi affirms his presidential resignation final", "Yemen's Hadi says Houthis decisions unconstitutional", "Yemen's ousted president Hadi calls for Houthis to quit capital", "Yemeni's Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi arrives in Saudi capital", "Pro-Houthi court sentences Yemen president to death for treason", "Pro-Houthi court sentences exiled Yemeni president Hadi to death for "high treason", "Yemen president hands power to council in major shake-up", "Yemen president hands powers to new leadership council", "Exiled Yemen president steps aside as truce raises hopes of end to war", Deputy Chairman of the Presidential Council, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi&oldid=1155621508, This page was last edited on 19 May 2023, at 00:36. Saleh was born in March 1947 in the Bait el-Ahmar village in Sanhan District. A total of $115 million is required for both stages. The majority of those in need of this assistance are women and children. However, on 21 February 2015, Hadi presented himself as the president again, in Aden. [30], The Yemeni military had suffered from sharp divisions since Major General Ali Mohsen Al-Ahmar defected in late March 2011 amid protests demanding the ouster of Hadi's predecessor, Ali Abdullah Saleh. Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in close to 100 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice, Human Rights Watch is a 501(C)(3)nonprofit registered in the US under EIN: 13-2875808, Arbitrary Detentions, Torture, and Enforced Disappearances, Blocking and Impeding Humanitarian Access, Womens Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity, A New Model for Global Leadership on Human Rights. Were that to happen, the people of Yemen would find themselves in a very complicated situation, facing the dilemma of how to agree on a new framework for legitimacy and plunging the country into yet more conflict. [20] He graduated from a military academy in the Federation of South Arabia in 1966. The powerful Saudi crown prince, Mohammed bin Salman, has also met with the council head and its members, according to Saudi state-run TV. Gen. Abdullah al-Junid and nine other people, including two women, who a survivor and two other witnesses said were civilians. Yemen peace talks must accept country is divided in two, says southern leader, Yemeni activist who revealed Houthi sexual abuses detained by Saudi Arabia, Yemen crowd crush: at least 85 dead after Houthi gunfire sparks panic, Yemen war: prisoners freed in huge cross-border exchange, RedCross announces exchange of nearly 900 prisoners in Yemen war, Saudi Arabia makes peace proposal for Yemen after Houthi talks, They robbed me of my children: Yemens war victims tell their stories podcast, Myfamily was massacred on my wedding day. The brigades were created in 2015, and are made up of more than 15,000 men including members of the former army of Yemen. Despite the fragility of theagreement, it did give ordinary Yemenis some respite. @JackieLongc4 speaks to President Zubaidi, leader of Southern Yemen and vice-President of the Yemeni Government, about whether Saudi-Houthi negotiations will make a lasting peace. It has also created one of the worst humanitarian crises in the world. Whether the switch will expedite an end to the grinding war remains to be seen, as UN-sponsored negotiations have been at an impasse and fighting, airstrikes and missile attacks continued until late last month. [8] According to pro-Houthi media outlet SABA, Hadi remained in power after the expiration of his mandate. The National Dialogue Conference (NDC) was formed of 565 members representing most of the political and social spectrum. The conflict has divided the legislative institution and created two parallel parliamentary entities, one in Sanaa under the Houthis de facto authority, and one in exile supporting the legitimate government. * 1990: Unification of north and south Yemen to form a single state under President Ali Abdullah Saleh. The eight-member council includes powerful figures in the military and political scenes - some with boots on the ground in the ongoing civil war. He issued Presidential decree No.104 December 2012 reorganizing the Military into five main branches: Air Force, Army (Ground Force), Navy and Coastal Defence, Border Troops and Strategic Reserve Forces, which includes the Special Operation Command, the Missile Defence Command and the Presidential Protective Forces. | Start Here . Following the independence of South Yemen, he rose to prominence in the new military, reaching the rank of Major General. World Health Day 2023: commemorating seven decades of public health history in Yemen. Yemen War Parties Swap Bodies in Latest Sign of Talks Progress According to Article 114, an exception can be made "if the country is in a state of war or suffering a natural disaster or another emergency situation." The Houthi authorities, who control Hodeida, signed a memorandum of understanding with the UN on March 5 agreeing to facilitate a two-stage UN-coordinated plan to prevent the Safer from exploding or breaking apart. This mountainous region is the poorest of Yemen and decentralization would mean that it would receive less money from the central government. China and the Saudi-Iran rapprochement: Implications for Yemen, A Saudi-Houthi deal wont bring lasting peace in Yemen, President Hadi and the future of legitimacy in Yemen. He occupied several military posts in the army of South Yemen until 1986, when he fled to North Yemen with Ali Nasser Mohammed, president of South Yemen, after Ali Nasser's faction of the ruling Yemeni Socialist Party lost the 1986 civil war. Winners of the 19th Unesco-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture named, British military 'outdated' as Russia brings in new technology, From Dubai to London, Gulf Photo Plus is a platform for discovery, Canada's investment in the UAE triples to $6.8bn since pandemic, India to play Pakistan on October 15 at Cricket World Cup. On Sept. 21, 2014, the Houthis seized Yemens capital, Sanaa. He also sacked Vice President Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, a powerful military figure, and delegated al-Ahmars powers to the presidential council. And talks around the controversial nuclear agreement with Iran have stalled yet again. The Parliament, regardless of the issues with its legitimacy, is divided and may not have enough voting members. Yemeni women face restrictions on movement in areas under Houthi control, where authorities require them to be accompanied by a mahram (male relative) in order to travel. Key questions answered, in seven graphics. Another military figure is commander of the Giants Brigades, Abdurahman Al Muharrami Abu Zaraa who helped liberate hundreds of kilometres of Yemen's south from Houthi control. Insisting on maintaining this situation and ignoring the legal questions simply drives another nail into the coffin of government legitimacy in Yemen.
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