The Serapeum seems to have suffered a fire at some point around CE 181 and again in 217 but was rebuilt, although there is no indication whether the fire affected the library or just the temple complex. [171][172], John Lennon, member of the popular music group The Beatles, sparked outrage from religious conservatives in the Southern 'Bible Belt' states due to his quote 'The Beatles are more popular than Jesus' from an interview he had done in England five months previous to the Beatles' 1966 US Tour (their final tour as a group). ), were burned for heresy by the Roman emperors Constantine, Honorius, and Theodosius I, who published a decree commanding that, "the doctrine of the Trinity should be embraced by those who would be called catholics; that all others should bear the infamous name of heretics". In the aftermath, most of the Goa Inquisition's records were destroyed a great loss to historians, making it is impossible to know the exact number of the Inquisition's victims. Those failing to give up their heretical books would face the prospect of being arrested and having their bodies as well as their books burned. Journalist Carlos Rama reported in February 1974 that up to that point, destroyed works included: the handwritten Chilean Declaration of Independence by Bernardo O'Higgins, thousands of books of Editora Nacional Quimant including the Complete Works of Che Guevara, thousands of books in the party headquarters of the Chilean Socialist Party and MAPU, personal copies of works by Marx, Lenin, and anti-fascist thinkers, and thousands of copies of newspapers and magazines favorable to Salvador Allende including Chile Today. The research's conclusions that Jewish economic activity was beneficial to the Empire refuted antisemitic demagoguery and were disliked by the government, which ordered all copies to be seized and burned. "[49], The provincial synod held at Soissons (in France) in 1121 condemned the teachings of the famous theologian Peter Abelard as heresy; he was forced to burn his own book before being shut up inside the convent of St. Medard at Soissons. These documents will be kept in special accommodation where they may be used by German scholars and other German persons who have received permission to do so from the Allies only under strict supervision by the Allied Control Authority. The writer's identity was discovered and he was arrested and heavily fined, and the authorities made an effort to hunt down and destroy all copies of the book but since it had already been distributed, many of the copies survived. [109][110][111], In 1731 Count Leopold Anton von Firmian Archbishop of Salzburg as well as its temporal ruler embarked on a savage persecution of the Lutherans living in the rural regions of Salzburg. [citation needed], In 1656 the authorities at Boston imprisoned the Quaker women preachers Ann Austin and Mary Fisher, who had arrived on a ship from Barbados. What Did The Library Of Alexandria Look Like? [55], According to William Johnston, as part of the Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent there was a persecution of the Buddhist religion, considered idolatrous from the Muslim point of view. [60], In 1242, The French crown burned all copies of the Talmud in Paris, about 12,000, after the book was "charged" and "found guilty" in the Disputation of Paris, sometimes called "the Paris debate" or the "Trial of the Talmud. Stow, Kenneth R. "The burning of the Talmud in 1553, in the light of sixteenth century Catholic attitudes toward the Talmud. The rise and fall of the Great Library of Alexandria | Live Science However, the Church never managed to completely extirpate his writings, enough unburned copies survived for these writings to be known up to the present. [75], According to the Madrid Codex, the fourth tlatoani Itzcoatl (ruling from 1427 (or 1428) to 1440) ordered the burning of all historical codices because it was "not wise that all the people should know the paintings". [citation needed], After establishing his rule over Sudan in 1885, Muhammad Ahmad, known as the Mahdi, authorized the burning of lists of pedigrees which, in his view, accentuated tribalism at the expense of religious unity as well as books of Muslim law and theology because of their association with the old order which the Mahdi had overthrown. Jakes and most musical genres to be heretical expressions. [146], During World War II the French writer and anti-Nazi resistance fighter Andr Malraux worked on a long novel, The Struggle Against the Angel, the manuscript of which was destroyed by the Gestapo upon his capture in 1944. )", "A Historical Perspective: The Root Cause for the Underdevelopment of User Services in Chinese Academic Libraries", "Lucian of Samosata: Alexander the False Prophet", An history of the corruptions of Christianity, "The Library of Iberian Resources On-line: Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom by Stephen McKenna", "Thomas Quinn: What Do You Do with a Chocolate Jesus? The book criticised the village's inhabitants for being overly concerned with their image towards neighbours, and although it called the town "Garradrimna," geographical details made it clear that Delvin was meant. [177], Following The Fall of Saigon, Viet Cong gained nominal authority in South Vietnam and conducted several book burnings along with eliminating any cultural forms of South Vietnam. The law's purpose was to "utterly destroy" all "preachings, doctrines, and opinions of this wicked sect". The loss of the ancient world's single greatest archive of knowledge, the Library of Alexandria, has been lamented for ages. [226], On September 20, 2010, the Pentagon bought[233] and burned[234] 9,500 copies of Operation Dark Heart, nearly all the first run copies for supposedly containing classified information. As recounted in Jeremiah 36, Jeremiah's scroll was read before Jehoiakim, King of Judah, in the presence of important officials; King Jehoiakim destroyed the scroll in a fire, and then sought to have Jeremiah arrested. Yet despite this relentless campaign, Protestant writings continued to proliferate. Among other things, the Synod of Diamper condemned as heretical numerous religious and other books current among the Saint Thomas Christians, which differed on numerous points from Catholic doctrine. [citation needed], Voltaire's works were burnt several times in pre-revolutionary France. The book Bescherming der Waerheyt Godts by Foeke Floris, a liberal Anabaptist preacher, was in 1687 banned by authorities in Friesland which deemed it to be Socinian, and all copies were ordered to be burned. [66][67] Some modern historians have begun to doubt the actual extent of these damages. He had been compiling it throughout most of his adult life, but never published it. After every braille book at the institute that could be found was burned, supporters of the code's inventor, Louis Braille, rebelled against Dufau by continuing to use the code, and braille was eventually restored at the school. As such, it has not been reviewed for accuracy by the University and does not necessarily adhere to the University's scholarly standards. [citation needed], Later, Voltaire's Dictionnaire philosophique, which was originally called the Dictionnaire philosophique portatif, had its first volume, consisting of 73 articles in 344 pages, burnt upon release in June 1764. According to myth,[34] the Cumaean sibyl offered Lucius Tarquinius Superbus the books for a high price, and when he refused, burned three. Karl Ludwig Sand, one of the students participating in this gathering, would assassinate Kotzebue two years later. [58], During the 13th century, the Catholic Church waged a brutal campaign against the Cathars of Languedoc (smaller numbers also lived elsewhere in Europe), culminating in the Albigensian Crusade. It was rumored that all the texts were destroyed by using them as tinder for the bathhouses of the city, and then it was said to have taken six months to burn all the documents. He died in prison, which did not end his trial. Many copies of the Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian books were destroyed, thought to be promoting the "old" thinking. [141], In 1939, shortly after the surrender of Barcelona, Franco's troops burned the entire library of Pompeu Fabra, the main author of the normative reform of contemporary Catalan language, while shouting "Abajo la inteligencia!" The hum of its vast server farm has replaced the quiet concentration of the scholars who worked in the institution of the classical period. Its primate is the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa, the successor to the Apostle Mark the Evangelist, who founded the Church of Alexandria in the 1st century. Lobbying the United States Congress also led to the enactment of the Comstock laws. [citation needed], Elaine Pagels is the first to claim that in 367, Athanasius ordered monks in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in his role as bishop of Alexandria to destroy all "unacceptable writings" in Egypt, the list of writings to be saved constituting the New Testament. [153] All confiscated literature was reduced to pulp instead of burning. St. Catherine 's Monastery is a monastery on the Sinai peninsula, at the foot of Mount Moses (Mount el-Deir), also Mount Sinai, in Egypt. "Fruit, Fiber, Bark, and Resin: Social Organization of a Maya Urban Center.". The manuscript came into the possession of Princess Theodora, wife of Demetrios, despot of Morea. Present-day apologists for de Landa assert that, while he had destroyed the Maya books, his own Relacin de las cosas de Yucatn is a major source for the Mayan language and culture. Leino returned to the public eye in 1958 with his memoirs of his time as Minister of the Interior. The Council reiterated the order for Wycliffe's books to be burned, and since Wycliffe himself was already dead, it ordered that his body be exhumed and burned which was duly done. Only a few survived, circulating as great rarities. This was done to ensure that the collected and authenticated Quranic copy that Uthman collected became the primary source for others to follow, thereby ensuring that Uthman's version of the Quran remained authentic. [259] Locke claimed it was his and the churches "biblical right" to "burn.cultic materials that they deem are a threat to their religious rights and freedoms and belief systems." The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression. How Christians Destroyed the Ancient World - The New York Times During the 12th and 13th centuries, Buddhist texts were burnt by the Muslim armies in the Gangetic plains region, which also destroyed hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and shrines and killed monks and nuns. This was followed by a stream of local bans throughout the Habsburg Netherlands and in neighboring states, particularly the ecclesiastical principalities of Lige, Utrecht, Cologne and Munster. [citation needed], According to the Dutch De Reis van Sinte Brandaen (Mediaeval Dutch for The Voyage of Saint Brendan), one of the earliest accounts of the life of Saint Brendan, the Saint got possession of a "Book of the Miracles of Creation", but disbelieved in its veracity and threw it into a fire. This act of destruction was made since the Vietnamese Communists condemned those values were corruptible ones shaped by "puppet government" (derogatory words to indicate Republic of Vietnam) and American Imperialism. Madsen, Richard P. [1995] (1995). Eyewitness accounts of the burning of Alexandria during the Civil War were found among the historical items at St. James Episcopal Church. "[145], On December 13, 1943, in Alessandria, Italy, a mob of supporters of the German-imposed Italian Social Republic attacked the synagogue of the city's small Jewish community, on Via Milano. In 1659 Lancelot van Brederode published anonymously 900 copies of a 563-page book assailing the dominant Calvinist Church and the doctrine of the Trinity. [139], In his Open Letter to Stalin Old Bolshevik and former Soviet diplomat Fyodor Raskolnikov alleges that Soviet libraries began circulating long lists of books, pamphlets and pictures to be burnt on sight, following Joseph Stalin's ascension to power. Orestes was said to be under the influence of Hypatia, a female philosopher, and daughter of the "last member of the Library of Alexandria". Henry Jenner comments in the Catholic Encyclopedia: "No one who has seen a Mozarabic manuscript with its extraordinarily solid vellum, will adopt any hypothesis of Divine Interposition here. Around the same time, Hypatia was murdered. Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium. When the Christians rushed out the largely Jewish mob slew many of them. "[260], During the Russian-Ukrainian war the facts of the destruction of Ukrainian books, especially on the history of Ukraine and the history of the Russian-Ukrainian war, are known. Along with contributions from the crowd, a dumpster full of books was unveiled and burned by Locke and attendees. [152], On May 13, 1946, the Allied Control Council issued a directive for the confiscation of all media that could supposedly contribute to Nazism or militarism. Library of Alexandria | Description, Facts, & Destruction Cyril of Alexandria - Wikipedia The writer Edward Gibbon, in his classic The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire dismissed another theory, that the destruction could be blamed on one of the Muslim conquerors of Egypt, Caliph Omar. The quindecimviri sacris faciundis watched over the surviving books in the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, but could not prevent their being burned when the temple burned down in 83 BC. Today, with major technology companies taking control of the archive as it moves into the digital realm, the complacency of society has meant lack of regulation, control and privacy surrounding the most powerful bodies of knowledge ever seen. [207], On the morning of April 5, 2004, 18-year-old Sleiman El-Merhebi firebombed a school library of the United Talmud Torahs of Montreal, burning its 10,000 volume collection. [147], The Nazis destroyed much of Warsaw during World War II: an estimated 16 million books, and about 85% of the city's buildings. Who burnt the grand library of Alexandria January 2016 Authors: Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf Australian Islamic Library Abstract The grand library of Alexandria was already destroyed long before. Interestingly, Caesar wrote of starting the fire in the harbor but neglected to mention the burning of the Library which proves little since he was not in the habit of including unflattering facts while writing his history. Conflicting accounts have the deputy mayor of Or Yehuda, Uzi Aharon (of Haredi party Shas), claiming to have organized the burnings or to have stopped them. The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qib, Westernized as Copt). The Soviet Union's Charg d'affaires in Finland Ivan Filippov (Ambassador Viktor Lebedev had suddenly departed from Finland a few weeks earlier on October 21, 1958) demanded that Prime Minister Karl-August Fagerholm's government prevent the release of Leino's memoirs. At the time it was considered that they succeeded, but three copies were later found to have survived, from which all later editions were printed.