In summary, research questions are constructed after establishing the background of the study. Chapter 5: Research Design | Principles of Sociological Inquiry A Practical Guide to Writing Quantitative and Qualitative Research Initially, research questions may be written as descriptive questions which could be developed into inferential questions. A descriptive study of college students' addictions to their electronic gadgets, for example, might aim to describe patterns in how many hours students use gadgets or which sorts of gadgets students tend to use most regularly. For example, a company seeking to hire more women might send representatives to a job fair at an all-female college, or might send announcements of new job openings to a woman's organization. Clinical characteristics of women with ADHD in Japan. Developing ethical research questions and hypotheses creates a research design that has logical relationships among variables. Shown here is a simplification of how a scientific investigation is done. Descriptive designs include case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. In the example, the relationship between aggression and television viewing might be spurious because by controlling for the effect of the parents disciplining style, the relationship between television viewing and aggressive behaviour might go away. If effects of the common-causal variable were taken away, or controlled for, the relationship between the predictor and outcome variables would disappear. a. insights and ideas b. facts and figures c. buy-in and support d. definitive data e. tactical advantage, Which of the following is NOT what exploratory research is used for? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The general purpose of exploratory research is to gain _________ so that problems and opportunities can be more clearly defined. The plots of the graph form a rough line that goes up and then down like a hill. Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses.1,2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results.3,4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the inception of novel studies and the ethical testing of ideas.5,6, It is crucial to have knowledge of both quantitative and qualitative research2 as both types of research involve writing research questions and hypotheses.7 However, these crucial elements of research are sometimes overlooked; if not overlooked, then framed without the forethought and meticulous attention it needs. { "1.01:_Scientific_Investigation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.02:_Science_Experiments" : "property get [Map 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These are precise and typically linked to the subject population, dependent and independent variables, and research design.1 Research questions may also attempt to describe the behavior of a population in relation to one or more variables, or describe the characteristics of variables to be measured (descriptive research questions).1,5,14 These . When the association between the variables on the scatter plot can be easily approximated with a straight line, as in parts (a) and (b) of Figure 3.10 the variables are said to have a linear relationship. To assess the causal impact of one or more experimental manipulations on a dependent variable. Negative linear relationships, in contrast, as shown in part (b), occur when above-average values for one variable tend to be associated with below-average values for the other variable. For instance, r = .54 is a stronger relationship than r = .30, and r = .72 is a stronger relationship than r = .57. 1.2 The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions, 2.4 Humanist, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Psychology, 3.1 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Research, 3.2 Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand Behaviour, 3.3 You Can Be an Informed Consumer of Psychological Research, 4.1 The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous System, 4.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviour, 4.3 Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methods, 4.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System, 5.1 We Experience Our World through Sensation, 5.5 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception, 6.1 Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for Action, 6.2 Altering Consciousness with Psychoactive Drugs, 7.2 Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learning, 7.3 Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity, 7.4 Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Lives, 7.5 Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and Bereavement, 8.1 Learning by Association: Classical Conditioning, 8.2 Changing Behaviour through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning, 8.4 Using the Principles of Learning to Understand Everyday Behaviour, 9.2 How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memory, 9.3 Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognition, 10.2 The Social, Cultural, and Political Aspects of Intelligence, 10.3 Communicating with Others: The Development and Use of Language, 11.3 Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness, 11.4 Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating, 12.1 Personality and Behaviour: Approaches and Measurement, 12.3 Is Personality More Nature or More Nurture? Give an example of a scientific question that could be investigated with an experiment. In E. A. Southwell & M. Merbaum (Eds. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 1Department of General Education, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Lukes International University, Tokyo, Japan. Think of two variables (other than those mentioned in this book) that are likely to be correlated, but in which the correlation is probably spurious. Perhaps children who have behaved aggressively at school develop residual excitement that leads them to want to watch violent television shows at home (Figure 3.13): Although this possibility may seem less likely, there is no way to rule out the possibility of such reverse causation on the basis of this observed correlation. An Example of Using Descriptive Analysis to Support or Rule Out . This page titled 1.1: Scientific Investigation is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by CK-12 Foundation via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Descriptive, correlational, and experimental research designs are used to collect and analyze data. Several hypotheses based on existing theories and knowledge may be needed to answer a research question. When scientists share their results, they should describe their methods and point out any possible problems with the investigation. The baby turns away or moves away from the adult. For instance, descriptions of individuals who have suffered a stressful event, such as a war or an earthquake, can be used to understand the individuals reactions to the event but cannot tell us anything about the long-term effects of the stress. A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific question, but it isnt just any answer. Accessibility The standard deviation, symbolized as s, is the most commonly used measure of dispersion. perspectives of families and children who receive care in clinic-based child obesity treatment?