See answer Advertisement laylashyanne2007 Answer:Chimpanzees are highly social. The authors should include discussion and literature that explains why here they make the claim so strongly, or why they claim to pinpoint the evolution of specific male and female personality attributes to such a specific period of time (since the split with hominins). Personality and subjective wellbeing in captive male western lowland gorillas living in bachelor groups. 2015-02-24 20:11:42. Wiki User 2009-08-02 01:43:24 Study now See answer (1) Best Answer Copy we are all different because of our fingerprints, our personality,. How did these distinct personality traits evolve and persist across different species? We also compare these patterns to two human data sets. 5) Freeman HD, Brosnan SF, Hopper LM, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ, Gosling SD. However, few studies have been large enough to test all major personality traits in both sexes of an animal species. As an aside, I was confused as to why date of birth rather than biological age was used? Am J Primatol. several articles by Pepper and Nettle (2014 Human Nature, 2014 Applied evolutionary anthropology, 2017 Behavioral and Brain Sciences) that argue how a life history theory perspective can help explain variation in health behavior and thus SES-gradients in health. findings from UK Biobank, Fitness benefits of coalitionary aggression in male chimpanzees, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1457-6, Personality assessment in the gorilla and its utility as a management tool, Detecting multiple change points in piecewise constant hazard functions, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2011.559209, Allostatic load, social status and stress hormones: the costs of social status matter, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.007, Personality predicts mortality risk: an integrative data analysis of 15 international longitudinal studies, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.07.005, The evolutionary fitness of personality traits in a small-scale subsistence society, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.09.002, Cognitive research in zoo-housed chimpanzees: influence of personality and impact on welfare, Polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene is associated with chimpanzee neuroticism, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022144, A polymorphic indel containing the RS3 microsatellite in the 5' flanking region of the vasopressin V1a receptor gene is associated with chimpanzee (, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2012.00799.x, Primates and the evolution of long, slow life histories, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.025, The Five-Factor Model plus dominance in chimpanzee personality, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00313.x, Aping humans: age and sex effects in chimpanzee (, Social personality traits in chimpanzees: temporal stability and structure of behaviourally assessed personality traits in three captive populations, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-011-1224-0, Gorilla Behavior Index revisited: Age, housing and behavior, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.004, The contribution of genetics and early rearing experiences to hierarchical personality dimensions in chimpanzees (, Neuroanatomical correlates of personality in chimpanzees (, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.041, How does cognition evolve? We do not wish to understate how informative studies of bonobos are of these same issues; unfortunately, data from bonobos regarding longevity, are lacking. 2013;75(10):1042-53. Power analysis only makes sense prospectively, using pilot data, and indeed eLife's transparent reporting form asks 'whether an appropriate sample size was computed when the study was being designed'. For instance, although chimpanzees are known to self-medicate using plants in the wild (Huffman and Wrangham, 1994), and while conscientious chimpanzees in captivity are more diligent (Altschul et al., 2017), individuals have no resources to use for self-medication in captivity. Personality is defined as "inter-individual differences that are consistent over time and context" (something that the authors do not mention), and whereas they report here on inter-individual differences, they do not report anything about it being consistent or repeatable. For a subset of the sample, more detailed rearing data were available, but survival analyses did not find any association between rearing conditions or origin and longevity (Table S1). Initially, we took this approach because other ratings studies were most comparable to our in terms of methods used, applications, etc. One thing chimpanzees do every single day, though, is eat. 3) Schaefer SA, Steklis HD. 9) Data accessibility. Created by maquilaporter Speciation and Phylogeny Terms in this set (28) Because the process of speciation is very easy to study empirically, scientists know exactly how new species come into existence. Copy. Each cited study shows a suggestive tendency for proxies of fitness to link with some aspect of personality, but there is clear diversity within primates regarding how each of these relationships actually plays out (as well as in what fitness measures are used). 4) Questionnaire method. Personality links with lifespan in chimpanzees | eLife Ultimately, each trait must provide some fitness benefits that help the animal to reproduce and pass on the trait to its offspring. Add an answer. Studies in monkeys (Silk et al., 2010; Seyfarth et al., 2012; Brent et al., 2017) have shown positive, protective relationships with extraversion. Compared to humans, universality in baboons was similar to that in human infants, and stronger than one data set from human adults. The findings suggest that humans . Wiki User. A total of 187 chimpanzees died during the follow-up period. Longevity is an important factor in promoting fitness; an animal that lives for longer will have more opportunities to reproduce. Bonobos differ from chimpanzees, humans, and possibly gorillas, as bonobos have a dominance-like factors (assertiveness), two factors describing different aspects of conscientiousness, an openness and agreeableness factor, and an extraversion factor that may also be termed social withdrawal (7). For relevant arguments in humans, see e.g. This study had several limitations. We fit decision trees to test whether sex, origin (wild-born or other), or any personality dimensions were related to longevity. Chimpanzees: Chimpanzees are primate mammals from the genus Pan. Humans and chimpanzees possess the same Big 5 factors, but chimpanzees have the additional dominance factor (4-6). Our basis for this interpretation of these results stems from the fact that captive chimpanzees do not have many (if any) opportunities to control their health, which is in fact maintained by humans. The authors should include discussion and literature that explains why here they make the claim so strongly, or why they claim to pinpoint the evolution of specific male and female personality attributes to such a specific period of time (since the split with hominins). No variation in specification affected our results (Tables S3 & S4). There is a good start to this discussion in the Introduction, and that could form the basis for a revised setup to the problem. Second, most primate species live in groups and are highly social (Napier and Napier, 1967). The hypotheses are not clearly set up from the start, they are not embedded in any relevant theory (more on this below), and they are post hoc in nature. Strategies across this spectrum are viable and different suites of personality traits evolved to support these strategies. Furthermore, the long follow-up times from when chimpanzees personalities were assessed to the present (7 to 24 years) meant that there were enough deaths to provide adequate statistical power for detecting associations between personality and mortality. In humans, although overall neuroticism is associated with poorer health and a shorter lifespan, aspects of neuroticism related to worry and vigilance, key characteristics related to lower boldness (Rale et al., 2007), are associated with better health and a longer lifespan (Gale et al., 2017; Weston and Jackson, 2018). Furthermore, polynomials are not ideal, and I would suggest using a spline term for age (using GAM) instead, which obviates the need to compare linear vs. non-linear fits. And two new studies demonstrate that chimpanzees and humans do, indeed, share distinct . Like humans, animals have distinct personalities. Chimpanzees are great apes found across central and West Africa. There appear to be some expectations (Discussion, second paragraph), and these are discussed in an interesting way later, but the manuscript would be much stronger if these were clearly defined at the start and then systematically tested. The personalities of the chimpanzees in this study were assessed via ratings on these items by multiple keepers and researchers who knew the individual chimpanzees, sometimes for decades (King and Figueredo, 1997; Weiss et al., 2009; Weiss et al., 2007). Alternative, adjusted personality scores were therefore calculated as residuals from the regression function of each GAM. In bonobos, questionnaire-based and coding-based methods revealed evidence for human- and chimpanzee-like agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness dimensions, a dimension like the chimpanzee dominance dimension, and an additional dimension, attentiveness, which is distinct from conscientiousness (Weiss et al., 2015; Staes et al., 2016). 1994;13(5):509-22. It is not clear to what extent the data can be precisely reproduced, given a lack of access to the full dataset that was used in the analysis. It is generally disconcerting that the primate personality and non-primate personality literatures don't often cite each other, but it is especially puzzling here since researchers working with short-lived, easily manipulated species like birds, fish, or insects, have much better means of studying links between behavioral differences and fitness outcomes, and can add a solid empirical basis to the theoretical framework needed in this study (see below). They have a numerical memory span. The central framing of the problem with respect to human evolution (Introduction, fourth paragraph) makes a standard phylogenetic assumption: that behavioral attributes found in both chimpanzees and humans should also have been shared by the last common ancestor. Our close evolutionary cousins chimpanzees even display the same five major personality traits that we do - extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness - as well as a distinct trait, for dominance. In other words, long-living captive male chimpanzees are those who engage in positive social interactions characterized by cooperation, geniality, and being protective. Thus, the phylogenetic argument should be very carefully constructed: what traits do they think are derived in chimpanzees, what traits ancestral to both chimpanzees and humans, what is the rationale, etc.? How can chimpanzees have different traits from one another 2 See answers Advertisement Advertisement quinton132000 quinton132000 Answer: They have different genes just as humans do. The authors make strong claims about evolution and natural selection, yet test animals in a (non-natural) captive situation. Sub-groups were split based on the growth of the tree and decision criteria are indicated below each node. Bottom panes indicate the survival curves of and number of chimpanzees in each sub-group. Psychol Sci. 1) Gold KC, Maple TL. Each cited study shows a suggestive tendency for proxies of fitness to link with some aspect of personality, but there is clear diversity within primates regarding how each of these relationships actually plays out (as well as in what fitness measures are used). Altschul et al. Our close evolutionary cousins chimpanzees even display the same five major personality traits that we do extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness as well as a distinct trait, for dominance. This is due to the strong curvilinear relationship between age and openness (Figure 2). Solution Verified Answered 1 month ago Create an account to view solutions A better approach would be to structure the lead-up so that it is clear what would be expected under what circumstances (phylogenetic, environmental, life history, etc.) Since the results are unchanged, we do not see an obvious way to improve the title, but welcome the reviewers thoughts on this. Like humans, chimpanzees become less open to experiences as they become older. The GAM regression lines for each model are plotted against the personality data in Figure 2figure supplements1through6. Funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) is gratefully acknowledged. The research in this study complied with the regulations and guidelines prescribed by the University of Edinburgh Biological Services' Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Committee (AWERB no. The relationships they observe in fact seem equally explicable as factors that promote longevity specifically in captive situations. In the models of only females, a positive association between openness and survival was also revealed with a hazard ratio of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.590.99) for unadjusted scores, but the association was not significant when we used the adjusted openness scores. We were surprised to find no association between extraversion and longevity. The discussion that leads to this point also appears to somewhat answer the question in advance, because it is clear that the authors are already arguing that a link between personality and fitness is ancestral in primates (and therefore will also be linked in chimpanzees, humans, presumably bonobos, and their last common ancestor). In doing so, we incorporated life-history theory, while also attempting to reconcile the nonhuman primate research with the different approaches and results in humans. Growing into the self: the development of personality in rhesus macaques. For a fuller understanding of how ape personality evolved, future work should explore longevity and fitness in wild chimpanzees, as well as in our other closest relatives, bonobos. 2011;125:72-83. Moreover, a review and meta-analysis found evidence that different raters provide similar ratings, that these measures are heritable, and that they are repeatable (Freeman and Gosling, 2010), the latter being most recently demonstrated in ratings taken 35 years apart and made by two independent sets of raters on two different questionnaires (Weiss et al., 2017). How can chimpanzees have different traits from one another? Best Answer Copy They have different genes just as humans do. These findings match our prediction, although we did not necessarily expect to find the association only in males. 2) Phylogenetic assumptions. An Assessment of the Development of a Cognitive Research Programme and Introductions in Zoo-Housed Chimpanzees. How can chimpanzees have different traits from one another? However, a study of female blue monkeys found that the association between sociability and mortality was only true for individuals that had consistent bonds with groupmates (Thompson and Cords, 2018). Knowing social relationships, group size, etc. The explanatory theories emerging from this field posit that health-related behaviors, including diet, mediate relationships between personality and health (Turiano et al., 2015; Graham et al., 2017). We used decision-tree analyses to identify associations between personality and longevity. Please see our responses to query 5 concerning hypothesis testing, as well. All records were also left-truncated, beginning each record at the age at which the individual was assessed for personality. However, given the origins of these subjects, it is not always possible to obtain these kinds of data (keepers often have limited time to participate). Our study also examined only a single species. A complete description of all survival analyses is available in the supporting information. P value thresholds are arbitrary conventions, and when there is an age pattern the correlation of -0.08 is about as strong as the one for neuroticism at 0.09 it should be controlled for, especially when one of the main findings is about an association between agreeableness and longevity. For studies of nonhuman primates, as noted in the previous paragraph, ratings and behavioral measures yield comparable personality traits. What Makes Us Different? - Scientific American Chimpanzee - Wikipedia In short, serious discussion needs to be undertaken to ensure the reader is aware that the questionnaire approach has its detractors, and the basis of those critiques. The absence of any effect of neuroticism in chimpanzees may be attributable to the fact that the health-harming and health-benefitting roles of neuroticism are, like conscientiousness, mediated by health behaviors, as well as the environment. In their review of the primate personality literature, Freeman and Gosling (11) note six studies, of rhesus macaques and the great apes, that presented test-retest reliability. Two of the reviewers also expressed concern that the entire dataset may not be de-identified and available in published form (by assigning an ID to individual chimpanzees, and facilities). In this literature, conscientiousness is often termed self-control (e.g., MacLean et al., 2014). Finally, among primates, social standing is related to physiological stress responses (Sapolsky, 2005) and high dominance is associated with higher stress, as well as faster, energetically intense growth in chimpanzees (Pusey et al., 1997). Curvilinear associations were presented between age and personality for all dimensions except neuroticism, where only a linear relationship was present. However, this finding is consistent with the literature: in wild chimpanzees, male coalitionary aggression towards conspecifics is associated with greater chances of siring offspring (Gilby et al., 2013). Further, taxon pairs that had inconsistent correlation signs (either positive or negative) in different hosts always had weak correlations within hosts. "For chimpanzees -who are very cooperative in the wild-, being sensitive to the equal distribution of rewards represents an evolutionary advantage because cooperation benefits them", say the authors of the research. They are being described as clever and noisy creatures with large brains. To address this, we expanded our Introduction to recognize and incorporate relevant reviews and syntheses, which are largely based on non-primates. How can chimpanzees have different traits from one another? I would thus strongly suggest using GAM residuals for each personality dimension. Here, we apply a robust, multinomial logistic-normal modeling framework to extensive time series data (5534 samples from 56 baboon hosts over 13 years) to infer thousands of correlations in bacterial abundance in individual baboons and test the degree to which bacterial abundance correlations are universal. However, these studies find next to no evidence for neuroticism and extraversion. Specifically, in addition to a dominance dimension, which reflects competitive prowess, social competence, and fearlessness, that is not present in humans (King and Figueredo, 1997; Murray, 1998; Dutton et al., 1997; Freeman et al., 2013; Weiss et al., 2009; Weiss et al., 2007), chimpanzee personality is defined by five dimensions that resemble the human Big Five. In nonhumans, lower boldness is related to a slower life-history strategy. There were no convergence issues and all splines were fit with 12 knots and =10,000. Consequently, these studies did not set out to deliberately test whether personality variation reflected individual differences in life history. For example, in this study there is no effect of extraversion (or boldness) on longevity, but it is obvious that such a trait may have an effect with actual predators around. Instead, it should be only a slightly longer version that revises much of the background and discussion in light of the valuable insights from the reviewers below. The paper would increase its impact if it clearly describes the areas where there is more surety than others, and specifically where increased work is necessary and why. At the other end of this continuum are K-selected populations. In response, we have now reanalysed the age and personality relationships for all traits in a GAM framework, and have used the GAM residuals in subsequent analyses instead of the simpler linear and polynomial model residuals. Individuals within these populations are characterized by early and frequent reproduction, the rapid onset of senescence, and a shorter lifespan. several articles by Pepper and Nettle (2014 Human Nature, 2014 Applied evolutionary anthropology, 2017 Behavioral and Brain Sciences) that argue how a life history theory perspective can help explain variation in health behavior and thus SES-gradients in health. That is, of the three billion letters that make up the human genome, only 15 million of themless than 1 . In fact, repeatabilities or re-test reliabilities of personalities in primates have been examined since at least the 1970s, and this has also played a large role in studies of human personality research. In addition, the effects of anthropomorphic projection by raters, if present, are minimal (Weiss et al., 2012). We should pay more attention to that. So we can draw several conclusions: 1) The disease profiles of humans and chimpanzees are rather different. Reale et al., 2010; Smith and Blumstein, 2008). 2) Chimpanzees are actually poor models of many human diseases. 15) Brent LJN, Semple S, MacLarnon A, Ruiz-Lambides A, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Platt MJ. While the genetic difference between individual . How can chimpanzees have difference traits from one another? Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data, A Handbook of Living Primates: Morphology, Ecology and Behavior of Nonhuman Primates, Measuring personality in nonhuman animals. A Kaplan-Meier plot (Figure 1) shows survival functions for our sample and a wild sample (Bronikowski et al., 2011). Boldness therefore is associated with a faster (r-selected) life-history strategy. Vital status was recorded throughout 2016 and 2017, yielding follow-up times ranging from 7 to 24 years, which is approximately equivalent to 10 to 36 human years (Napier and Napier, 1967). The paper opens with a strong background discussion, but reads like a bank of examples rather than a coherent lead-up to a clear set of hypotheses (more on this below). What allows humans to have different traits from eachother? Life history strategies for optimizing individual fitness fall on a spectrum between maximizing reproductive efforts and maintaining physical health over time. And when they find food, they often give a particular kind of call . How can chimpanzee have different traits from one another? The editorial staff also had a. 8) King JE, Weiss A, Sisco MM. Chimpanzees | WWF (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services), (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools).