Engineering cyanobacteria as cell factories for direct trehalose production from CO2. In contrast, continuous synthesis of glucose during the rapid photoautotrophic growth phase was achieved in this work, with productivity higher than 0.27g/L/OD730, by simply removing the glucokinase activities in Synechococcus cells, meaning tenfold higher photosynthetic productivities in the absence of any heterologous catalytic enzymes or transporters and independent of any environmental stress inductions. The PCC 7942 derived strains constructed in this study are listed in Supplementary Data7. After all, the sun doesn't provide that many photons -- only a thousand photons arrive at a single chlorophyll molecule per second on a sunny day -- yet the process occurs reliably across the planet. Quanwei Li, Kaydren Orcutt, Robert L. Cook, Javier Sabines-Chesterking, Ashley L. Tong, Gabriela S. Schlau-Cohen, Xiang Zhang, Graham R. Fleming, K. Birgitta Whaley. The overall chemical equationis a summary of a series of chemical As shown in Supplementary Fig. Chen, F. Z. et al. The RNA quality and concentration were analyzed using the Nanodrop ND-1000 system (Thermo Scientific, USA) and Agilent 2100 RAN NANO 6000 Assay kit (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). The Purpose and Process of Photosynthesis - Biology LibreTexts CNGBdb: China National GeneBank DataBase. These three complexes form an electron transport chain, much like the one seen in mitochondria. That was still a question that needed to be answered in detail," said co-lead author Graham Fleming, a senior faculty scientist in the Biosciences Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley. The global RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that transcriptome was remodeled in SZ3, and expressions of 581 genes were significantly regulated (227 up-regulated and 354 down-regulated, Supplementary Data2) compared with WT. 44, 236245 (2017). We further replaced the GalP on the chromosome of SZ17 with wild-type synpcc7942_1161 and a mutated version synpcc7942_1161-G274A, obtaining JS155, and JS156, respectively (Fig. Kanno, M., Carroll, A. L. & Atsumi, S. Global metabolic rewiring for improved CO2 fixation and chemical production in cyanobacteria. PCC 11901 is a robust cyanobacterial strain for high biomass production. Last Updated: July 30, 2017 Photosynthesis Definition Photosynthesis is the biochemical pathway which converts the energy of light into the bonds of glucose Photosystem II starts this process of electrons by using the light energy to split a water molecule, which releases the hydrogen while siphoning off the electrons. and G.L. Only a single particle of light is required to spark the first steps of the biological process that June 14, 2023 at 11:00 am For photosynthesis, one photon is all it takes. 16), glucokinase--deficient strains showed improved sensitivity to 150mM NaCl (Supplementary Fig. USA 110, 1003910044 (2013). Biol. PCC 7942 derived strains were inoculated into liquid BG11 medium containing corresponding antibiotics and cultivated for 46 d under rotary shaking (150rpm) and white-light illumination of 50 mol photons/m2/s at 30C. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China, Shanshan Zhang,Jiahui Sun,Huili Sun,Guodong Luan&Xuefeng Lu, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China, Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China, You can also search for this author in Quizlet Biotechnol Adv. Bioinformatics 25, 17541760 (2009). photosynthesis Under the adopted cultivation conditions (BG11 medium, 100 mol photons/m2/s, air bubbling for carbon supply), 1.0g/L and 0.33g/L glucose were synthesized by SZ3 (WT-glk1-glk2) and SZ17 (WT-glk1-glk2-NS3::galP) strain respectively (Fig. 20). Bacteria may use different reactions, including a reverse Krebs cycle. Specifically, plants use energy from sunlight to react carbon dioxide and water to produce sugar (glucose) and oxygen. The slope of A510, which increased with time, was calculated, and the specific enzyme activity of glucokinase in the reaction mixture was calculated according to the Lambert-Beer law. B. Biomass transport cost from field to conversion facility when biomass yield density and road network vary with transport radius. PubMed Correspondence to As shown in Fig. In the glucokinase deficient strain SZ17, the generated glucose could be exported out of the cells through the heterologous glucose transporter GalP, avoiding over-accumulation of intracellular glucose. B., Bellerose, R. J. Appl. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) The 13C labeling experiments were performed using 13C labeled sodium bicarbonate (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, 99% 13C, CLM-441), and 12C-NaHCO3 was added as a control. When a top predator, such as a wolf, preys on a deer, the wolf is at the end of an energy path that went from nuclear reactions on the surface of the sun, to light, to photosynthesis, to vegetation, to deer, and finally to wolf. of photosynthesis c The construction strategy of the SZ182 strain by introducing the synpcc7942_1161- G274A mutation into the genome of PCC 7942; SZ181 carrying the same inserted antibiotics resistance marker was used as a control strain. 10). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Plant 11, 7594 (2018). Synechococcus cells cultivated in flasks shaken under 50 mol photons/m2/s white fluorescent light at 30C. In summary, we identified the key factors restricting the natural potential of cyanobacteria for the photosynthetic production of glucose. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Carbohydr Polym 252, 117022 (2021). photosynthesis Based on how efficient photosynthesis is at converting sunlight into energy-rich molecules, scientists have long assumed that a single photon was all it took to initiate the reaction, wherein photons pass energy to electrons that then trade places with electrons in different molecules, eventually creating the precursor ingredients for the production of sugars. Google Scholar. Oesterhelt, C., Schmalzlin, E., Schmitt, J. M. & Lokstein, H. Regulation of photosynthesis in the unicellular acidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Starts on Jun 28, 2023 12:30 PM. 22). Starts on Jun 28, 2023 12:30 PM. The p values in (c) are (from left to right) 0.013, 0.0003. Liao, Y., Smyth, G. K. & Shi, W. Featurecounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Intracellular metabolites were extracted via the freeze/thaw cycle five times. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. What is photosynthesis? Construction and analysis of an artificial consortium based on the fast-growing cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 to produce the platform chemical 3-hydroxypropionic acid from CO2. 29, 675685 (2011). The supernatant was collected and evaporated to dryness in a vacuum concentrator. Google Scholar. Because all photosynthetic organisms use similar processes and share an evolutionary ancestor, the team is confident that photosynthesis in plants and algae works the same way. The numbers indicate the elevated folds of respective transcript abundances in SZ182 compared to SZ181. 19, 1725 (2013). WebDiscover how glucose and oxygen produced during photosynthesis in plants helps during respiration in animals. The sucrose secretion through CscB under non-hypersaline conditions was also observed for the wild-type background. The cyanobacterial ornithine-ammonia cycle involves an arginine dihydrolase. Acad Sci. Metab. Basic products of photosynthesis - Encyclopedia Britannica While some of the oxygen is used for this purpose, a large portion is expelled into the atmosphere and allows us to breathe and undergo our own oxidative phosphorylation, on sugar molecules derived from plants. 1:00. To obtain As mentioned above, the optimization of carbon supply and illumination strengths improved the glucose production of SZ3 and SZ17 strains, as well as the biomass accumulation rates. And among the transcripts with significantly elevated abundances in the SZ3 strain, the synpcc7942_1161 transcript was the most significantly up-regulated, reaching up to a 77-fold increase. You will also notice that this equation shows water on both sides. Pelroy, R. A., Rippka, R. & Stanier, R. Y. Metabolism of glucose by unicellular blue-green algae. The slope of A510, which decreased with time, was calculated, and the specific enzyme activity of glucokinase/fructokinase on each sugar would be compared to the activities on glucose/fructose to get the relative ratios. CBB cycle CalvinBensonBassham cycle, Fru-1,6-bisP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Fru-6-P fructose-6-phosphate, UDP-Glc UDP-glucose, Suc-6-P sucrose-6-phosphate, Glc-6-P glucose-6-phosphate, Glc-1-P glucose-1-phosphate, Sps sucrose-phosphate synthase, Spp sucrose-phosphate phosphatase, Fk fructokinase, Pgi glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Pgm phosphoglucomutase, Fbp fructose-1,6-bisphosphate I, Glpx fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase II/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, Galu UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Among several independent attempts, only one process resulted in a homozygote strain (SZ3) with a tailored genotype (completely blocked glk1 and glk2) after six weeks of continuous passages, while all the others failed (meaning that the wild-type copy of glk1 or glk2 could not be removed). Nat. 164, 321331 (2016). E. coli colonies with positive plasmids were confirmed by colony PCR using gene-specific primers and Taq DNA polymerase (TransGen Biotech). In comparison, without introducing heterologous transporters, a spontaneous mutation (Synpcc7942_1161-G274A) was generated and enriched during the long-term cultivation process and endowed the mutant strain with even better capacities for glucose synthesis and secretion. Connection for AP Courses Google Scholar. & Chang, M. C. Enzyme mechanism as a kinetic control element for designing synthetic biofuel pathways. Because they use light to manufacture their own food, they are called photoautotrophs (self-feeders using light). 2014-06-27 22:48:13 Study now See answers (2) Best Answer Copy Oxygen is the primary by product of photosynthesis, plants convert CO2 to oxygen. The scientists analyzed more than 17.7 billion herald photon detection events and 1.6 million heralded fluorescent photon detection events to ensure that the observations could only be attributed to single-photon absorption, and that no other factors were influencing the results. volume14, Articlenumber:3425 (2023) Muller, M. et al. d Glucose production of SZ17 and SZ159 (SZ17-sps). CAS The results revealed that the synpcc7942_1161-G274A mutation significantly increased the transcript abundance of three gene-encoding potential transporter proteins (Fig. However, the citric acid cycle creates ATP other electron carriers from 3-carbon molecules, while the Calvin cycle produces these products with the use of NADPH and ATP. The total photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates were calculated as the net photosynthetic rate plus the respiration rate. Nucleic Acids Res. The temperature of the column box was initially kept at 60C for 5min, increased to 260C at a rate of 10C /min, and then kept at 260C for 10min. Environ Microbiol 84, e0202302017 (2018). It takes place inside special structures in leaf cells 7, 222227 (2011). In contrast, continuous glucose production has not been successfully linked directly to photosynthesis. Enrichment analysis revealed that the pathways involved in photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly regulated (p value<0.01) in SZ3 (Supplementary Fig. Finally, the culture broth from the flasks was centrifuged and resuspended with 65mL fresh BG11 culture medium to the initial OD730 of approximately 2.0 in column photobioreactors (with a diameter of 3cm). During photosynthesis, molecules in leaves capture sunlight and energize electrons, which are then stored in the covalent bonds of carbohydrate molecules. As for the cyanobacteria strains able to perform heterotrophic or mixotrophic metabolism using glucose, glucokinase plays an essential role in phosphorylating glucose and initiating the diverse glycolytic processes43,44. Photosynthesis 5d and Supplementary Fig. The two most important products of photosynthesis are sugar and oxygen. Unlocking the potentials of cyanobacterial photosynthesis for directly converting carbon dioxide into glucose. Proc Natl. Environ. During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose Except when specifically noted, the cultivations for photosynthetic glucose production were performed at 30C. They do this using a process called photosynthesis. Plants, algae, and a group of bacteria called cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis. And the intracellular glucose concentrations in the two strains were also slightly improved. Benson., T., Minot., N., Pender., J., Robles., M. & Braun., J. V. Global Food Crises: Monitoring and Assessing Impact to Inform Policy Responses. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway is an overlooked glycolytic route in cyanobacteria and plants. Products. In brief, the cell pellets were resuspended in 1mL 80% ethanol (volume to volume) and then incubated at 65C for 4h. After centrifugation at 12,000 g for 5min, the supernatant was transferred to a clean tube and dried under a stream of N2 at 55C.