You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Delivered to your inbox! | Durban and John Bowlby have argued human beings are inherently violent. This kind of division was first proposed by Kenneth Waltz in Man, the State, and War and has been often used by political scientists since then. See full entry for 'war' Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary. That said, overall the number of casualties from war has not significantly increased in recent times. In politics and military planning, a war effort is a coordinated mobilization of society's resourcesboth industrial and humantowards the support of a military force. [63], During Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of typhus than were killed by the Russians. For instance, Geoffrey Blainey argues that war is a result of miscalculation of strength. war effort | Definition from the Military topic | Military On the one hand, war had become an intractable social phenomenon, the elimination of which seemed to be an essential precondition for the survival of mankind. 153 Synonyms & Antonyms of WAR - Merriam-Webster The SensagentBox are offered by sensAgent. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. This might include targeting major infrastructure and blocking access to water, internet, or imports (often through blockades). These no longer regarded war as a rational instrument of state policy. Boggle. The term war effort was coined in conjunction with these efforts. [13], Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres. ", Hendrixson, Anne: "Angry Young Men, Veiled Young Women: Constructing a New Population Threat". The Italian psychoanalyst Franco Fornari, a follower of Melanie Klein, thought war was the paranoid or projective "elaboration" of mourning. Each square carries a letter. Definition: a state agency that existed only during World War 1. (Most of the time.). Moreover, in feudal societies, peasants, the great majority of the population, often perceived war as the business of the aristocrats and did not feel especially obliged to make an extra effort to help their country's aristocracy win a war with that of another country. Throughout history, limitations on the scope of warfare have been more economic and social than political. For example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the Russian Revolution of 1917. World War II and the subsequent evolution of weapons of mass destruction made the task of understanding the nature of war even more urgent. Supporters of realism in international relations argue that the motivation of states is the quest for security, and conflicts can arise from the inability to distinguish defense from offense, which is called the security dilemma. "[121] Thirdly, bargaining may fail due to the states' inability to make credible commitments. [2] Following World War II, consensus opinion for many years amongst economists and historians was that war can stimulate a country's economy as evidenced by the U.S's emergence from the Great Depression,[75] though modern economic analysis has thrown significant doubt on these views. [104], The violent herderfarmer conflicts in Nigeria, Mali, Sudan and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by land degradation and population growth. [97] Bobbi S. Low has observed correlation between warfare and education, noting societies where warfare is commonplace encourage their children to be more aggressive.[98]. Peace research concentrates on two areas: the analysis of the international system and the empirical study of the phenomenon of war. Maori . [100][101] Some centrist, capitalist, world leaders, including Presidents of the United States and U.S. For the 2001 video game, see, "Warfare" redirects here. [11], In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says approximately 9095% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare,[12] and many fought constantly. While some war studies scholars consider war a universal and ancestral aspect of human nature,[3] others argue it is a result of specific socio-cultural, economic, or ecological circumstances. [4], The English word war derives from the 11th-century Old English words wyrre and werre, from Old French werre (also guerre as in modern French), in turn from the Frankish *werra, ultimately deriving from the Proto-Germanic *werz 'mixture, confusion'. We need to resolve our conflicts without resorting to, People behave differently during a time of, The taking of American hostages was seen as an, Russia has lost at least 72 aircraft over the course of the, The relationship is also mutually beneficial: American forces are learning from Ukrainian soldiers engagement with a near-peer adversarysomething the U.S. hasnt encountered since the Korean, After France was defeated, the Confederacy could not use the European country as an ally to win the, But the two sides have been launching long-range strikes since last week in apparent anticipation of Ukraines upcoming counteroffensive, expected to be one of the most decisive phases of the, Ukraine denied any involvement, saying Moscow could use it for further escalation of the, The leak has created friction between Ukraine and the United States, its biggest backer in the, The trouble for Putin is that Russia does not control the entirety of those four regions, and never has during the, Schwab-Pomerantz also offered her views on crypto investing and artificial intelligenceand supporting Ukraine in a time of, The 16th main installment takes place in a medieval fantasy world, one where, The hurdles come as separate agreements brokered last summer by Turkey and the U.N. to keep supplies moving from the, For the past decade, the group has lived away from Mali due to ongoing violence between the, Palter, Dissemble, and Other Words for Lying, Skunk, Bayou, and Other Words with Native American Origins, Words For Things You Didn't Know Have Names, Vol. Cambridge University Press). war effort translation in English - English Reverso dictionary, see also 'make the effort, effortless, effortlessly, effrontery', examples, definition, conjugation from the Cambridge English Dictionary Effort - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com During the war, but unrecorded because of the requirements of censorship, a link with the now partly-abandoned Cardiff Railway disappeared with the demolition of Rhydyfelin Viaduct, near Treforest, South Wales, in the latter part of 1942. Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia nor in England nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'effort.' Although many societies were retroactively perceived to be engaged in a war effort, the concept was not generally used until the last decade of the 18th century, when the leaders of the French Revolution called for the leve en masse and a general mobilization of society to prevent monarchist forces from reclaiming control of the French government. Learn more. war effort | meaning of war effort in Longman Dictionary of [17] During the 20th century, war resulted in a dramatic intensification of the pace of social changes, and was a crucial catalyst for the growth of left-wing politics. [137] Failure to follow these rules can result in the loss of legitimacy for the just-war-belligerent. Explicit war aims may involve published policy decisions. Metz, Steven and Cuccia, Philip R. (2011). See full entry for 'war' Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary. This approach was best articulated by the Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz in his famous classic On War (183237). They treat war as an institution recognized in custom or in law . Closely related is the concept of the home fronti.e., that civilians engaged in wartime pursuits (particularly, industrial production) are in effect also fighting the enemy on a "front" of their own, and that the result of their "fighting" (higher productivity, refraining from labor disputes, strikes etc.) It had the power to make and enforce laws. War aims can change in the course of conflict and may eventually morph into "peace conditions"[35] the minimal conditions under which a state may cease to wage a particular war. However, the evidence examined in the 2008 edition of the Center for International Development and Conflict Management's "Peace and Conflict" study indicated the overall decline in conflicts had stalled. This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 10:42. [64] Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, less than 40,000 returned. "Negative war aims" forestall or prevent undesired outcomes. [138], The just war theory was foundational in the creation of the United Nations and in international law's regulations on legitimate war. war: [noun] a state of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations. Nglish: Translation of effort for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of effort for Arabic Speakers. For the adult, nations are the sacred objects that generate warfare. The complex decisions involved in conversion to wartime use also necessitated organization and a bureaucracy; the term war effort was coined to describe these collective tasks. [95], Ashley Montagu strongly denied universalistic instinctual arguments, arguing that social factors and childhood socialization are important in determining the nature and presence of warfare. Military technology | Definition, History, Advances, & Weapons Wehrkraftzersetzung - Wikipedia [62] The war remains the deadliest conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 military personnel. Throughout the course of human history, the average number of people dying from war has fluctuated relatively little, being about 1 to 10 people dying per 100,000. Philosophical, political, economic, technological, legal, sociological, and psychological approaches are frequently distinguished. The steelwork in this structure, amounting to nearly 1,150 tons, was salvaged as scrap metal to assist the, Curwen had inherited a printing business in, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=war_effort&oldid=71050237. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative size of the armed forces and the society supporting them, the style of government, and the popular support for the military objectives, such war effort can range from a small industry to complete command of society. Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage wars, and that many among you perish in civil strife. Discipline came from drills and marching in formation, target practice, and creating small "artificial kinship groups: such as the company and the platoon, to enhance psychological cohesion and combat efficiency.[119]. The various schools of theorists are generally aware of the profound influence they can exercise upon life, and their writings usually include a strong normative element, for, when accepted by politicians, their ideas can assume the characteristics of self-fulfilling prophecies. Quite to the contrary, on a global scale the time since WWII has been unusually peaceful. Top Quotes by Hirohito That Are Strikingly Memorable. Add new content to your site from Sensagent by XML. [18], In 1947, in view of the rapidly increasingly destructive consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular concern for the consequences and costs of the newly developed atom bomb, Albert Einstein famously stated, "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. "The Origin of Great Wars. variable noun A war is a period of fighting or conflict between countries or states. All rights reserved. [133], Jus ad bellum (right to war), dictates which unfriendly acts and circumstances justify a proper authority in declaring war on another nation. Noun . English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID). Its role was to oversee the war effort in Minnesota. When 'thingamajig' and 'thingamabob' just won't do, A simple way to keep them apart. Pope Urban II in 1095, on the eve of the First Crusade, advocating Crusade as a solution to European overpopulation, said: For this land which you now inhabit, shut in on all sides by the sea and the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; it scarcely furnishes food enough for its cultivators. will be sentenced to death for undermining the military. Social Evolution in Franz M. Wuketits and Christoph Antweiler (eds.) [67], Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to famine, disease, and death in the civilian population). war effort (countable and uncountable, plural war efforts) A coordinated mobilisation of a country's resources, both industrial and human, in support of its military forces during a war. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship. war effort - Wiktionary The war divided the labour movement with numerous elements taking up roles in the war effort while others alleged the war was an imperial venture against the interests of the working class. For the period 3000 BCE until 1991, estimates range from 145 million to 2 billion. The Marxist theory of war is quasi-economic in that it states all modern wars are caused by competition for resources and markets between great (imperialist) powers, claiming these wars are a natural result of capitalism. 2. A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. Change the target language to find translations. A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding WW1. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Such a definition includes civil wars but at the same time excludes such phenomena as insurrections, banditry, or piracy. | Total war | Definition & Examples | Britannica Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. from the Cambridge English Dictionary This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. Related terms for 'war effort': the British Legion, civil, civilian, civvy, collateral damage, evacuee, ex-service, ex-serviceman, ex-servicewoman Please choose a part of speech and type your suggestion in the Definition field. Emancipation Proclamation. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from a wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. [113], Youth bulge theory has been subjected to statistical analysis by the World Bank,[114] Population Action International,[115] and the Berlin Institute for Population and Development. Get XML access to reach the best products. [137] The principle of discrimination determines who are the legitimate targets in a war, and specifically makes a separation between combatants, who it is permissible to kill, and non-combatants, who it is not. Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in, Blanning, T.C.W. Coordinated mobilization of society's resources towards supporting a military force, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States home front during World War II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_effort&oldid=1080344799, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Collection of Photographs of World War II, This page was last edited on 31 March 2022, at 18:15. War is an intense armed conflict[a] between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. Those in which it has been lacking "tend to be societies that were politically dominated by their neighbors". [2] Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties. War - Wikipedia [85] This aggressiveness is fueled by displacement and projection where a person transfers his or her grievances into bias and hatred against other races, religions, nations or ideologies. Lettris [79], By the end of the war, 70% of European industrial infrastructure was destroyed. The technology of war may be divided into five categories. Geoffrey Parker, Introduction in Parker, ed. might determine the difference between victory and defeat. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. higher productivity, refraining from labor disputes and strikes etc. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions American Revolution Timeline: The Major Events and Battles, Examples of Humanitarian Acts: Giving Aid in Different Ways. Choose the design that fits your site. Cambridge University Press). Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! war effort synonyms with definition | Macmillan Thesaurus - might determine the difference between victory and defeat. Who Said "Who Knows What Women Can Be When They are Finally Free to Become Themselves"? [108][109], Heinsohn saw both past "Christianist" European colonialism and imperialism, as well as today's Islamist civil unrest and terrorism as results of high birth rates producing youth bulges. Since the workers in a capitalist economy would be unable to fill the demand, producers must expand into non-capitalist markets to find consumers for their goods, hence driving imperialism.[102]. Please select which sections you would like to print: Professor of Politics, University of Southampton, England, 196378. 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War effort definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Scarcity of resources meant defensive works were not a cost-effective way to protect the society against enemy raids.[15]. Rationalism is an international relations theory or framework. Moller, Herbert (1968): 'Youth as a Force in the Modern World', Population Action International: "The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict after the Cold War", Krhnert, Steffen (2004): "Warum entstehen Kriege? Although certain societies, especially nomadic raiders and mobile cavalry societies such as the Mongols, specialized in providing war-effort-like support for their armies, the idea of a specialized war effort that diverted supplies, means of production, and people to military support came into general use only with the increased specialization of the industrial revolution. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A medium-sized conflict with about 2,500 battle deaths reduces civilian life expectancy by one year and increases infant mortality by 10% and malnutrition by 3.3%. Thank you for suggesting a definition! Thinking about war, consequently, became increasingly more differentiated because it had to answer questions related to very different types of conflict. This is the British English definition of war effort. Implicit in the concept of war effort was that the entire society was expected to contribute in some way; this served the double purpose of improving morale as well as resource conservation. When 'thingamajig' and 'thingamabob' just won't do, A simple way to keep them apart. During the Thirty Years' War in Europe, the population of the Holy Roman Empire was reduced by 15 to 40 percent. A distinctive feature of war since 1945 is that combat has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies. [81], There are many theories about the motivations for war, but no consensus about which are most common. Previously, most military supplies were either common elements of the economy (food, clothing, horses) or specialized instruments produced only for war purposes by industries dedicated to the task (mainly weapons and military vehicles). [93], Psychologist and linguist Steven Pinker argued that war-related behaviors may have been naturally selected in the ancestral environment due to the benefits of victory. There are those on the extreme right of the political spectrum who provide support, fascists in particular, by asserting a natural right of a strong nation to whatever the weak cannot hold by force. A quiz to (peak/peek/pique) your interest. Click on the links below to explore the meanings. The, The argument is made from pages 314 to 332 of, Robert J. Bunker and Pamela Ligouri Bunker, "The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism. Privacy Policy. In politics and military planning, a war effort refers to a coordinated mobilization of society's resourcesboth industrial and humantowards the support of a military force. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! The English word games are: Nglish: Translation of war for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of war for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about war. 1 work that is done during a war, usually by people who are not fighting but are doing other things to help their country keep fighting Synonyms and related words Definition and synonyms of war effort from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education. Several theories concern the evolutionary origins of warfare. war effort doesn't have a definition yet. (1989), Helgerson, John L. (2002): "The National Security Implications of Global Demographic Trends", Heinsohn, G. (2006): "Demography and War", Heinsohn, G. (2005): "Population, Conquest and Terror in the 21st Century". The concept was subsequently adapted and used by Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, especially during World War I and World War II. [40] In 2003, Richard Smalley identified war as the sixth biggest problem (of ten) facing humanity for the next fifty years. Send us feedback about these examples. [127], The statistical analysis of war was pioneered by Lewis Fry Richardson following World War I. Hear a word and type it out. Accessed 27 Jun. Hear a word and type it out. Get XML access to fix the meaning of your metadata. War has also been linked to economic development by economic historians and development economists studying state-building and fiscal capacity. ", An Interactive map of all the battles fought around the world in the last 4,000 years, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War&oldid=1161482000, Tangible war aims may involve (for example) the acquisition of territory (as in the German goal of, Intangible war aims like the accumulation of credibility or reputation. A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding WW1. noun : all that is being done to win a war He wanted to contribute in some way to the war effort. war effort definition | English dictionary for learners | Reverso "Positive war aims" cover tangible outcomes. state of war. In every war in which American soldiers have fought in, the chances of becoming a psychiatric casualty of being debilitated for some period of time as a consequence of the stresses of military life were greater than the chances of being killed by enemy fire. The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. war effort. One-tenth of mobilised American men were hospitalised for mental disturbances between 1942 and 1945, and after thirty-five days of uninterrupted combat, 98% of them manifested psychiatric disturbances in varying degrees. [110] Among prominent historical events that have been attributed to youth bulges are the role played by the historically large youth cohorts in the rebellion and revolution waves of early modern Europe, including the French Revolution of 1789,[111] and the effect of economic depression upon the largest German youth cohorts ever in explaining the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s.