In the inter-war years, these nationalist movements grew and often clashed with the colonial authorities when they demanded self-determination. In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. As of 2021, around 676 million people live in the region, more than a fifth live (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. The condition for . The physiography of Southeast Asia has been formed to a large extent by the convergence of three of the Earths major crustal units: the Eurasian, Indian-Australian, and Pacific plates. Malaysia is both mainland and insular, with a western portion on the Malay Peninsula and an eastern part on the island of Borneo. Southwest Asia, subregion of Asia, bounded on the west by the Mediterranean Sea, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Red Sea and on the south and southeast by the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. [123][124], Portugal was the first European power to establish a bridgehead on the lucrative maritime Southeast Asia trade route, with the conquest of the Sultanate of Malacca in 1511. Hitchcock, Michael, et al. Geography of Asia - Wikipedia Around the same time, the first Agrarian Kingdoms emerged where territory was abundant and favourable, such as Funan at the lower Mekong and Van Lang in the Red River delta. [87], China later built its own fleets starting from the Song dynasty in the 10th century, participating directly in the trade route up until the end of the Colonial Era and the collapse of the Qing dynasty. - Brainly.com 04/23/2019 Geography High School answered What are the two distinct subregions of southeast asia? 20 cards. Turton, M. (2021). Within the Philippines, the country has no majority ethnic groups; but the four largest ethnolinguistic groups in the country are the Visayans (mainly Cebuanos, Warays and Hiligaynons), Tagalogs, Ilocanos and Bicolanos. The Phung Nguyen culture (modern northern Vietnam) and the Ban Chiang site (modern Thailand) account for the earliest use of copper by around 2,000 BCE, followed by the Dong Son culture, which by around 500 BCE had developed a highly sophisticated industry of bronze production and processing. [97][98], After the departure of the Mongols, Wijaya established the Majapahit Empire in eastern Java in 1293. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. Chinese sources referred the region as Nanyang (""), which literally means the "Southern Ocean". Southeast Asias landscape is characterized by three intermingled physical elements: mountain ranges, plains and plateaus, and water in the form of both shallow seas and extensive drainage systems. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of 26 atolls of Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Historians relate these achievements to the presence of well-organised, centralised and hierarchical communities and a large population. Local leaders began to adopt Hindu worship into state religion, using the Hindu concept of devarja to reinforce divine rule (as opposed to the Chinese concept of Mandate of Heaven). A Vietnamese script called ch Nm used modified ch Hn to express the Vietnamese language. The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. These advancements also aided the Chola dynasty of Tamilakam, Southern India, in carrying out a series of destructive attacks on Srivijaya, effectively ending Palembang's entrept position in the Indo-Chinese trade route. [46][failed verification], Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia, characterised as Agrarian kingdoms,[48] developed an economy by around 500BCE based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products. No individual Southeast Asian country is religiously homogeneous. List of regions of California - Wikipedia Selective adoption of Indian sociocultural elements stimulated the emergence of centralised states and development of highly organised societies. Spirit houses are common in areas of Southeast Asia where Animism is a held belief. [121][122], The earliest Europeans to have visited Southeast Asia were Marco Polo during the 13th century in the service of Kublai Khan and Niccol de' Conti during the early 15th century. Cultural and institutional adoption was a creative and selective process, in which foreign elements were incorporated into a local synthesis. By the 19th century, all Southeast Asian countries were colonised except for Thailand. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early seventh century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia. "[35], The oldest habitation discovered in the Philippines is located at the Tabon Caves and dates back to approximately 50,000 years BP. The region lies near the intersection of geological plates, with both heavy seismic and volcanic activities. [19] A 2nd-century world map created by Ptolemy of Alexandria names the Malay Peninsula as Chersonesus Aurea (lit. By 1913, the British had occupied Burma, Malaya and the northern Borneo territories, the French controlled Indochina, the Dutch ruled the Netherlands East Indies while Portugal managed to hold on to Portuguese Timor. Other experiments in republicanism in adjacent regions were the Japanese, Company agent John_Crawfurd used the census taken in 1824 for a, Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware. [61], The Buni culture is the name given to another early independent centre of refined pottery production that has been well documented on the basis of excavated burial gifts, deposited between 400BCE and 100CE in coastal north-western Java. [169] In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The arts of Southeast Asia have an affinity with the arts of other areas. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with a strong emphasis on ancestor worship. One such debate is over the extent to which Indian merchants, Brahmins, nobles or Southeast Asian mariner-merchants played central roles in bringing Indian conceptions to Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,500,000 square kilometres (1,700,000sqmi). Unit 731 Testimony (1st ed.). [48] Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct. Overall, the Malays are the majority in Malaysia and Brunei and form a significant minority in Indonesia, Southern Thailand, Myanmar, and Singapore. To missionaries used Buddhist teachings to offer guidance in central existential questions, placing an emphasis on individual effort and conduct. Additionally, there is also a small population of Parsis in Singapore who practised Zoroastrianism. [97][98] At its peak, it was the dominant power in mainland Southeast Asia, exercising "suzerainty from Manipur to the Cambodian marches and from the borders of Arakan to Yunnan". [82], Between the 2nd-century BCE and 15th-century CE, the Maritime Silk Road flourished, connecting China, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian peninsula, Somalia and all the way to Egypt and Europe. [83] Contact with Southeast Asia steadily increased by the end of the Han period. Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network, conquer a part of Southeast Asia of Malacca, List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan, Japanese coup de main in French Indochina, Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years", "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea", "Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads", "Culture, Regionalism and Southeast Asian Identity", "Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: jumping scale in Southeast Asia 2002 Willem van Schendel Asia Studies in Amsterdam", "Why did China shut itself out of the world in the 15th century? Updates? [citation needed] The empire declined in the 15th century after the rise of Islamic states in coastal Java, the Malay peninsula, and Sumatra. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea, Flores and Timor. California's 12 Regions and What They Offer | SeeCalifornia.com Myinsaing Kingdom became the real ruler of Central Burma and challenged the Mongol rule. Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian team to have played in the 1938 FIFA World Cup as the Dutch East Indies. Due to the presence of Japanese diaspora in the region, the practice of Shinto has growingly made appearance in certain countries such as in Thailand. However, after more than 20 years of fighting Indonesia, East Timor won its independence and was recognised by the UN in 2002. STR groups the world into four regions and 15 subcontinents: Americas (North America, South America, Central America, Caribbean) Asia Pacific (Central & South Asia, Northeastern Asia, Southeastern Asia, Australia and Oceania) Europe (Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, Western Europe) How many Subcontinents are there on Earth? Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Names referring to Southeast Asia include Suvarnabhumi or Sovannah Phoum (Golden Land) and Suvarnadvipa (Golden Islands) in Indian tradition, the Lands below the Winds[18] in Arabia and Persia, Nanyang (Chinese: ; lit. From the desert to the sea, and the mountains and valleys, all of L.A.'s stunning diversity is captured in the neighboring regions, which includes Ontario, Pomona, La Habra, West Covina and many other communities. The winds of the Northeast Monsoon during October to December prevented sailing ships from proceeding directly from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea, as did the Southwest Monsoon during July to September, forcing trade routes to pass through Srivijaya. Diverse cultural influence is pronounced in the Philippines, derived particularly from the period of Spanish and American rule, contact with Indian-influenced cultures, and the Chinese and Japanese trading era. [note 2], The British, in the guise of the East India Company led by Josiah Child, had little interest or impact in the region, and were effectively expelled following the Anglo-Siamese War. Most local trading polities selectively adopted Indian Hindu elements of statecraft, religion, culture and administration during the early centuries of the common era, which marked the beginning of recorded history in the area and the continuation of a characteristic cultural development. Neighboring regions are rich with large and vibrant ethnic neighborhoods, offering a rainbow of exciting international cuisine. The geographical diversity within its borders, arguably unmatched by any other state, is typified by its four well-defined regions. The Austronesian peoples of Southeast Asia have been seafarers for thousands of years. Cambodia is one of the most homogeneous countries in the area, with Khmers forming more than 90% of the population but the country also has a large number of ethnic Chams, Vietnamese and various inland tribes categorised under the term Khmer Loeu (Hill Khmers). The British also temporarily possessed Dutch territories during the Napoleonic Wars; and Spanish areas in the Seven Years' War. [156], Stock markets in Southeast Asia have performed better than other bourses in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with the Philippines' PSE leading the way with 22 per cent growth, followed by Thailand's SET with 21 per cent and Indonesia's JKSE with 19 per cent. ASEAN has also been a front runner in greater integration of Asia-Pacific region through East Asia Summits. There is also a smaller but significant number of Hmong-Mien, Chinese, Dravidians, Indo-Aryans, Eurasians and Papuans, which also contributes to the diversity of peoples in the region. Figure 9.1: Map of East and Southeast Asia (CIA World Factbook, Public Domain) A new genus and tribe of freshwater mussel (Unionidae) from Southeast Asia It consists of two dissimilar portions: a continental projection (commonly called mainland Southeast Asia) and a string of archipelagoes to the south and east of the mainland (insular Southeast Asia). For most, a life with subsistence-level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilisations, hunting and gathering was still hard.[108]. [47], In the late Neolithic, the Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population in Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, and the Philippines, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan in the first seaborne human migration known as the Austronesian Expansion. Southeastern United States - Wikipedia However, Islam did not play a notable role anywhere in mainland Southeast Asia until the 13th century. Indonesia, for example, is more than 3,000 miles from west to east (exceeding the west-east extent of the continental United States) and more than 1,000 miles from north to south; the area of Laos is only slightly smaller than that of the United Kingdom; and Myanmar is considerably larger than France. Tourism in South-East Asia. These rainforest areas are currently being logged-over, especially in Borneo. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali came under its influence. Southeast Asia - WorldAtlas All of Southeast Asia falls within the tropical and subtropical climatic zones, and much of it receives considerable annual precipitation. The number of large and small ecological niches is more than matched by a staggering variety of economic, social, and cultural niches Southeast Asians have developed for themselves; hundreds of ethnic groups and languages have been identified. The strategic value of the Strait of Malacca, which was controlled by Sultanate of Malacca in the 15th and early 16th century, did not go unnoticed by Portuguese writer Duarte Barbosa, who in 1500 wrote: "He who is lord of Malacca has his hand on the throat of Venice. Wiki User. [99] The empire included Mon and Shan states and annexed territories in the Kingdom of Lan Na, Kingdom of Laos, and the Ayutthaya kingdom. Association football is the most popular sport in the region, with the ASEAN Football Federation, the region's primary regulatory body, formed on 31 January 1984, in Jakarta, Indonesia. [15] Most modern Southeast Asian countries enjoy a historically unprecedented degree of political freedom and self-determination and have embraced the practical concept of intergovernmental co-operation within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In 1775, the Lanfang Republic, possibly the first republic in the region, was established in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a tributary state of the Qing Empire; the republic lasted until 1884, when it fell under Dutch occupation as Qing influence waned. The victory of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia resulted in the Cambodian genocide.[134][135]. Although East and Southeast Asia are often divided into two regions, they share a common economic and political history and global geopolitical forces continue to transform this realm. Some dramatic examples of these rice paddies populate the Banaue Rice Terraces in the mountains of Luzon in the Philippines. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah); the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Additionally, Sikhism is also practised by significant population especially in Malaysia and Singapore by North Indian diaspora specifically from Punjab region. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006. Srivijaya was also a notable center of Vajrayna Buddhist learning and influence. Of these, the rivers probably have been of the greatest historical and cultural significance, for waterways have decisively shaped forms of settlement and agriculture, determined fundamental political and economic patterns, and helped define the nature of Southeast Asians worldview and distinctive cultural syncretism. Traditional music in Southeast Asia is as varied as its many ethnic and cultural divisions. Long periods of Chinese isolationism and political relations that were confined to ritualistic tribute procedures prevented deep acculturation. They arrived in the northern Philippines between 7,000 BC to 2,200 BC and rapidly spread further into the Northern Mariana Islands and Borneo by 1500 BC; Island Melanesia by 1300 BC; and to the rest of Indonesia, Malaysia, southern Vietnam, and Palau by 1000 BC. In Malaysia, Brunei, and Singapore, the Malay language is now generally written in the Latin script. This trading link boosted the development of Funan, its successor Chenla and the Malayan states of Langkasuka on the eastern coast and Kedah on the western. Before the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Europeans mostly were interested in expanding trade links. Also on 17 August, a proclamation of Indonesian Independence was read at the conclusion of Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies since March 1942. As a rule, the peoples who ate with their fingers were more likely influenced by the culture of India, for example, than the culture of China, where the peoples ate with chopsticks; tea, as a beverage, can be found across the region. Japanese occupation of the Philippines led to the forming of the Second Philippine Republic, formally dissolved in Tokyo on 17 August 1945. [17][42] The eastern half of the island of New Guinea, which is not a part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included as a part of Maritime Southeast Asia, and so are Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Palau, which were all parts of the Spanish East Indies with strong cultural and linguistic ties to the region, specifically, the Philippines.[43]. Sovereignty issues exist over some islands in the South China Sea. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 13.1 Describe how the region's tectonic activity and dominant climate types have influenced Southeast Asian landscapes, human settlement, and development., 13.2 Explain the driving forces behind deforestation and habitat loss in the different subregions of Southeast Asia, and list other environmental problems affecting the region . Southeast Asia Flashcards | Quizlet [81] Theravada Buddhism was the predominant religion of these city states, while the presence of other Indian religions such as Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were also widespread. The Orang Asli, in particular the Semang who show Negrito characteristics, are the direct descendants of these earliest settlers of Southeast Asia. [95][96], By the mid-16th century, the Burmese First Toungoo Empire was one of the largest, strongest and richest empires in Southeast Asia. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (19081981) wrote in 1961: "The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He. Six subspecies of the binturong or bearcat exist in the region, though the one endemic to the island of Palawan is now classed as vulnerable. [99]:107 By the 15th century CE however, Majapahit's influence began to wane due to many war of successions it experienced and the rise of new Islamic states such as Samudera Pasai and Malacca Sultanate around the strategic Strait of Malacca. Most principalities developed highly distinctive cultures as a result of centuries of active participation in cultural exchange situated at the cross-roads of the Maritime Silk Road coming from across the Indian Ocean in the West and the South China Sea in the East. In turn, Indian Brahmins and monks were invited by local rulers to live in their realms and help transforming local polities to become more Indianised, blending Indian and indigenous traditions. Islamic ideas arrived in insular Southeast Asia as early as the 8th century, and the first Muslim societies in the area emerged by the 13th century. [10][11], Buddhism, particularly in Indochina, began to affect political structures beginning in the 8th to 9th centuries CE. [106], Trade among Southeast Asian countries has a long tradition. Europeans brought Christianity allowing Christian missionaries to become widespread. [75] Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia that resisted conversion and still retain their original animist beliefs, such as the Dayaks in Kalimantan, the Igorots in Luzon, and the Shans in eastern Myanmar. Southeast Asia has two distinct subregions: the southeastern corner of the Asian mainland and a great number of islands. Study guides. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. [12], The region, together with part of South Asia, was well known by Europeans as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples. The conflict spread to Laos and Cambodia and heavy intervention from the United States. Unbeknownst to them, Singhasari collapsed in 1293 due to a revolt by Kadiri, one of its vassals.