Officials not to extort applicants going to Taiwan so as to reduce illegal crossings. Some reportedly welcomed the sale of rent rights because they had difficulty collecting rent. They were first recruited as housecleaning and laundry workers for soldiers, then they were coerced into providing sex. They were viewed as a symbol of peace with Japan and protection from rival tribes by the aborigines. did give in excess of $26 million to Democratic candidates and causes in the 2022 election cycle, but the Carpenters and Joiners union gave more than twice as much. The magistrate of the Taiwan Circuit learned of the impending Japanese invasion from a Hong Kong newspaper quoting a Japanese news item and reported it to Fujian authorities. [83][84] Although its control was mainly limited to the western plain of the island, the Dutch systems were adopted by succeeding occupiers. At the conference in Fujian to determine Taiwan's future, some officials from the central government advocated for transporting all of Taiwan's inhabitants to the mainland and abandoning the island. Quanzhou was lost to the Qing on 12 March 1677 and then Zhangzhou and Haicheng on 5 April. The Dutch retreated to Tayouan and established a more permanent presence there. [108], In April 1662, Koxinga sent a message to Manila demanding annual tribute. He referred to the Manchus in derogatory terms and accused them of perverse religious customs such as incest. [230] By 1732, five different ethnic groups were in revolt but the rebellion was defeated by the end of the year. The site is now part of the main island, in modern Anping, Tainan. In 1930, the government relocated aborigines to the foothills and invested in agricultural infrastructure to turn them into subsistence farmers. In the 1640s the Dutch began to tax them, reaping large benefits, causing some Chinese to become discontent. [165] Prior to 1683, Taiwan was associated with a rumored "Island of Dogs," "Island of Women," etc., which were thought, by Han literati, to lie beyond the seas. The shogun declined to meet the Dutch and gave the Sinkanders gifts. Taiwanese people were not recruited for combat until late in the war due to Japanese suspicions of Taiwanese loyalty. Liu escaped to Taiwan with dozens of small vessels. | Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective", "Yeh Sheng-mao sentenced to 10 years in prison", "Taiwan's 2012 Presidential and Legislative Elections: Winners, Losers, and Implications - Foreign Policy Research Institute", "Taiwan Opposition Party Wins Presidency and Legislative Majority in Historic Elections | U.S.- CHINA | ECONOMIC and SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION", "The Global Taiwan Brief Volume 3, Issue 23", "Taiwan's President Quits as Party Chief After Stinging Losses in Local Races", "Taiwan becomes first in Asia to legalise same-sex marriage", "Taiwan election: Tsai Ing-wen wins second presidential term", "After Pelosi's arrival, China announced military drills in nearby waters", "China Says Taiwan Military Drills Over, Plans Regular Patrols", "China military 'completes tasks' around Taiwan, plans regular patrols", "Chapter 1: Taiwan on the Eve of Colonization", "Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan", "Chapter 6: The Birth of Co-colonization", "Chapter 7: The Challenges of a Chinese Frontier", "Chapter 8: "The Only Bees on Formosa That Give Honey", "Chapter 9: Lord and Vassal: Company Rule over the Aborigines", "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction", "Populating PEP II: the dispersal of humans and agriculture through Austral-Asia and Oceania", "Taiwan's geopolitics and Chiang Ching-Kuo's decision to democratize Taiwan", "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", "Taiwan election shooting suspect dead," 7 March 2005, "Formosa's First Nations and the Japanese: from Colonial Rule to Postcolonial Resistance", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Taiwan&oldid=1158937119. The defections continued and by 1663, some 3,985 officials and officers, 40,962 soldiers, 64,230 civilians, and 900 ships in Fujian had defected from Zheng held territory. Restrictions were put on hunting periods but this proved insufficient so the use of the pitfall was also restricted. In the latter part of 1944, Taiwan's industries, ports, and military facilities were bombed in U.S. air raids. [54] In 1642, the Dutch massacred the people of Liuqiu island again. The native population of 1100 was removed from the island. [148], After Kong Yuanzhang returned from his failed peace mission to Taiwan in 1667, he accused Shi of collusion with Zheng Jing. They sent three junks to patrol a fishing fleet charging the same fee as the pirates, 10 percent of the catch. The American Asiatic Fleet's Admiral Bell also landed at the Bi Mountains where they got lost, suffered heatstroke, and then was ambushed by the aborigines, losing an officer. [34] Some estimates of the Chinese population put it at 2,000. He had a falling out with the governor and left for Batavia in December. Japanese scouts fanned out and were met by attacks by aborigines. In terms of acculturation under controlled circumstances, it can be considered relatively effective. While making their way back to the ship, they were hit by arrows. [24] The Book of Sui relates that Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty sent three expeditions to a place called "Liuqiu" early in the 7th century. The Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), which ended the war, contained a provision that ceded Taiwan and the P'eng-hu Islands to Japan in perpetuity. The loss of the Japanese trade made the Taiwanese colony far less profitable and the authorities in Batavia considered abandoning it before the Council of Formosa urged them to keep it unless they wanted the Portuguese and Spanish to take over. The government finally reacted after a major settler rebellion, the Zhu Yigui uprising, occurred in 1721, and split Zhuluo County in 1723. [141] Unlike the Dutch East India Company, under which almost 90 percent of levies were related to commercial activities, there was greater emphasis on the rapid production of grains such as rice and yam to meet basic subsistence needs. Wang Qinghuai was a farmer at the time of the war and said there was no way to refuse recruitment. Illegal crossing to be policed. In the combined elections in January 2016 the opposition candidate for president, Tsai Ing-wen, of the DPP won with 56% of the vote, and the opposition DPP was catapulted into an outright majority in the parliament. In 1841 the issue was brought up again, but this time it was recommended that all of Taiwan be opened up. Administering Taiwan became his sole focus in 1885 and the . [361][369][370][371] In 1954, the United States denied that the sovereignty of Taiwan and the Penghu islands had been settled by any treaties, although it acknowledged that the Republic of China effectively controlled Taiwan and Penghu. [241], In 1841, during the First Opium War, the British tried to scale the heights around the harbor of Keelung three times but failed. On 6 March 1684, Kangxi accepted Shi's proposal to set up permanent military establishments in Penghu and Taiwan. Shi also disagreed with Zheng on strategic matters. Its people wore their hair in tufts, tattooed their bodies with black juice, and wrapped red silk and yellow cloth around their heads. They had no chief but the one with the most children, who was considered a hero and obeyed by the populace. Yang recommended to the Fuzhou General Saichong'a the establishment of administration and land surveys in Gamalan. The Paiwanese men found the Ryukyuans and dragged them out, slaughtering them, while others died in a fight or were caught trying to escape. Alarmed by the armed men and rumors of head hunting, the Ryukyuans departed while the hunting party was away. [7] The oldest evidence of modern human presence on Taiwan consists of three cranial fragments and a molar tooth found at Chouqu and Gangzilin, in Zuojhen District, Tainan. The aboriginals had submitted as early as 1693 but they remained non-acculturated. Of Taiwan's four electrical power plants, three were destroyed. They found shelter in the home of a 73 year old Hakka trading-post serviceman, Deng Tianbao. The invasion fleet was met with unfavorable winds and was forced to turn back. In 1650 he planned a major northward offensive from Guangdong in conjunction with a Ming loyalist in Guangxi. The New TCA later became a subsidiary of the Taiwanese Communist Party, founded in Shanghai in 1928, and the only organization advocating for Taiwan's independence. [310] A younger generation of Taiwanese more susceptible to modernization and change started participating in community affairs in the 1910s. Wang Dayuan visited Taiwan in 1349 and noted that the customs of its inhabitants were different from those of Penghu's population, but did not mention the presence of other Chinese. By the end of Zheng rule in 1683, the government was extracting an annual income of 4,033kg of silver in Taiwan, more than a 30 percent increase from the 3,145.9kg under the Dutch in 1655. He reported a "great victory" back to Taiwan. [109] On 29 May 1662, Chikan was renamed to "Ming Eastern Capital" (Dongdu Mingjing). [115] To combat population decline, Zheng Jing also promoted migration to Taiwan. In 1797, a new Tamsui sub-prefect issued permit and financial support for Wu to recruit settlers for land reclamation, which was illegal. On 18 December they headed westward and encountered aboriginal men, presumably Paiwanese. There was no kitchen except a cooking pot with a three-legged stand on the ground. 25 Oct 2021 Taipei, Taiwan - Fifty years ago on October 25, the Republic of China (ROC) - the official name for Taiwan - was formally expelled from the United Nations by a vote of the General. These fossils are dated 450,000 to 190,000 years ago. "[237] With Benyovszky's arms, Huapo then defeated his Chinese aligned foes. He became the owner of a duck farm in Taiwan's Luohanmen (modern Kaohsiung). The aborigines fired muskets and shot arrows at them, forcing them to retreat. On 1 July, the new leader of the Mudan tribe and the chief of Kuskus admitted defeat and promised not to harm shipwrecked castaways. Encouraged by the Dutch failure, Mattau warriors raided Sinkan, believing that the Dutch could not defend them. Toshimichi Okubo arrived in Beijing on 10 September and seven negotiating sessions occurred over a month long period. Girls were preferred because of this. The next year, the Tamsui sub-prefect convinced the Taiwan prefect, Yang Tingli, to support Wu Sha. The objective was for Taiwan to provide Japan with food and raw materials. The effective jurisdiction of the ROC has since been limited to Taiwan, Penghu, and smaller islands . ", This page was last edited on 7 June 2023, at 05:22. In November 1646, Zhilong declared his loyalty to the Qing and lived out the rest of his life under house arrest in Beijing. Its people had different customs from Penghu. [118], Qing-Dutch forces attempted to invade Taiwan twice in December 1664. In 1674, Zheng Jing took advantage of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories on the mainland and recaptured Xiamen and used it as a trading center to fund his efforts to retake mainland China. [281][287] During the conflict, 5,300 Japanese were killed or wounded, and 27,000 were hospitalized. In this localization process, local culture and history was promoted over a pan-China viewpoint. The next year the Dutch and their native allies defeated Favorolang. They then left and headed north with the guidance of locals. This poll tax was highly unpopular and the cause the major insurrections in 1640 and 1652. They practiced raiding and plundering by boat. They gave cultural lecture tours and taught Classical Chinese as well as other more modern subjects. By the late 16th century, Chinese from Fujian were settling in southwestern Taiwan. [289] Ideologies of resistance drew on different ideals such as Taish democracy, Chinese nationalism, and nascent Taiwanese self-determination. [5] [6] Matters of deliberation were discussed at the common-house. In the morning they were ordered to stay put while hunters left to search for game to provide a feast. These were likely inherited from the Zheng regime. [397], The president faced similar accusations as his wife, but was protected from prosecution by presidential immunity. [273][274], The period of Japanese rule in Taiwan has been divided into three periods under which different policies were prevalent: military suppression (18951915), dka (): assimilation (191537), and kminka (): Japanization (193745). On 9 July 1656, a junk flying Chenggong's flag arrived at Fort Zeelandia. In December 1920, Lin Hsien-tang and 178 Taiwanese residents filed a petition to Tokyo seeking self-determination. Most of the people near the prefectural capital were Changzhou and Quanzhou people and beyond there were mostly barbarians, whom he described as stubborn stupid people without family names or ancestral sacrifices. His promised "disappeared into smoke". In 1631, another ship wrecked on the reefs and its survivors were also killed by the inhabitants of Liuqiu Island. Foreign vessels were barred from docking in blockaded harbors. Industrial farming, electric power, chemical industries, aluminum, steel, machinery, and shipbuilding facilities were set up. In comparison, within a ten-month period in 17581759, nearly 60,000 people were arrested for illegal crossings. China and the United Nations - Wikipedia Chen garnered 39% of the vote. Although he was executed, a document in his possession was found appealing to the Chinese who chaffed under Dutch taxes and their restrictions on trading and hunting. Following an exchange of gunfire, the Qing were forced to retreat with two Zheng naval commanders, Qiu Hui and Jiang Sheng, in pursuit. [32], During his time in Taiwan, Ripon's party befriended the people of Bacaloan (modern Tainan) by giving them small gifts. It was deemed legal in Tokyo but illegal in Taiwan. The Dutch colony provided a military and administrative structure for Chinese immigration. In 1671, Zheng forces raided the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian. On 11 September, four or five thousand Chinese rebels clashed with the company soldiers and their native allies. The same culture is found at sites at Eluanbi on the southern tip of Taiwan, persisting until 5,000 years ago. In November the Favorolangers captured a Chinese fishing vessel. "[211], In 1874, Japan invaded aboriginal territory in southern Taiwan in what is known as the Mudan Incident (Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)). [406] The DPP lost a total of nine legislative seats, giving the KMT control of the majority of the 22 seats. The repatriation procedure in 1872 was by the books and had been a regular affair for several centuries. Instead its king, Sh Tai, sent a reward to Chinese officials in Fuzhou for the return of the 12 survivors. The Qing deployed a large army to the area and Chenggong decided to take his chances by ferrying his army along the coast but a storm hindered his movements. Taiwan independence movement - Wikipedia Reuters, "Taiwan election shooting suspect dead," (2005)|reference=Reuters. [121], General Kong Yuanzhang, who had defected to the Qing, personally visited Zheng Jing in Taiwan in November 1667. Shen and other literati abandoned Zheng once they realized he lacked the ability to retake the mainland and was permanently settling in Taiwan. The Mudan lost 16 men including their tribal leader, Agulu. Not all the aborigines were under effective control and land reclamation in eastern Taiwan occurred at a slow pace. The aboriginal chief, Tanketok (Toketok), explained that a long time ago the white men came and almost exterminated the Koaluts tribe and their ancestors passed down their desire for revenge. [386], Following their retreat to Taiwan the KMT viewed their retreat as a temporary one with Chiang Kai-shek saying "prepare for one year, counterattack in two years, sweep out the enemy in three years and succeed within five years." The fields were ploughed when grass appeared in spring and after the harvest day in the fall, they said a year had passed. [268] Penghu surrendered on 31 March but many of the French soon grew ill and 1,100 soldiers and later 600 more were debilitated. [69] In 1633, an expedition consisting of 250 Dutch soldiers, 40 Chinese pirates, and 250 Taiwanese natives were sent against Liuqiu Island but met with little success. Some tattooed their bodies with Western writing (Dutch). There are also references in Chinese texts and Taiwanese aboriginal oral traditions to pygmies on the island at some time in the past. The frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from compulsory education under the Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and trashing their Christian school textbooks. According to a 1665 inscription by the poet Wang Zhongxiao: "Once the Imperial Surname [Zheng Chenggong] governed this land, the Chinese people came one after another. It was later discovered that Tanketok did not have absolute control over the tribes and some of them paid him no heed. [93] The landing forces defeated the Dutch. [348] By 1945, Taiwan was isolated from Japan and its government prepared to defend against an expected invasion. [312] Elementary education was divided between primary schools for Japanese speakers and public schools for Taiwanese speakers. Wang described a rich land with fertile fields that was hotter than Penghu. On 14 August 1668, Zhejiang official Shi Weiqi recommended imposing an economic blockade on Taiwan, which the Qing rejected. The Gamalan sub-prefect, Yao Ying, discouraged this, stating that the administrative costs were too high and the aborigines uncooperative. Yao Qisheng had also been strongly in favor of annexing Taiwan. The southwestern plains was more densely populated. The use of the Ming calendar, which the Zhengs had upheld for 38 years, was ended. Zheng naval forces blockaded Quanzhou and tried to retake the city in August 1678 but they were forced to retreat in October when Qing reinforcements arrived. Corpses were dried and buried beneath their families' houses when they needed to be rebuilt. In 1649, Chenggong gained control over Quanzhou but then lost it. It was accepted by Kangxi, who authorized the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, a new prefecture of Fujian Province, with three counties: Taiwan, Zhuluo, and Fengshan. The men and women bound their hair and wore colored garments. [117], From June to August 1663, Duke Huang Wu of Haicheng and commander Shi Lang of Tongan urged the Qing court to take Xiamen, and made plans for an attack in October. The other one crashed into the eastern coast of southern Taiwan near Bayao Bay. Other ports strictly policed for arrivals and departures. He continued to have a hand in the affairs of Taiwan and aided the growth of the Chinese population there. [398], In 2007, President Chen proposed a policy of Four Wants and One Without, which in substance states that Taiwan wants independence; Taiwan wants the rectification of its name; Taiwan wants a new constitution; Taiwan wants development; and Taiwanese politics is without the question of left or right, but only the question of unification or independence. [36], Wang called different regions of Taiwan Liuqiu and Pisheye. As the war turned against Japan in 1943, Taiwan suffered due to Allied submarine attacks on Japanese shipping, and the Japanese administration prepared to be cut off from Japan. [125], Zheng Jing was raised on a Confucian education and had a very rigid understanding of what was "Chinese" and "barbarian". They were taken to a village and fed rice, pork, lemons, and oranges. "Visions of Ryky: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics." There were wild tigers, bears, leopards, and deer. On 5 August 1884, Sbastien Lesps bombarded Keelung's harbor and destroyed the gun placements. Pisheye had no chief. He published his experiences in Taiwan in 1833 confirming its rich resources and trade potential. In 1644 the Chinese were allowed to live in Favorolang to conduct trade if they purchased a permit. "[32] Fortified villages seem to have been common in Taiwan until the 19th and 20th centuries. One version of events say he died in a fit of madness when his officers refused his orders to execute his son, Zheng Jing, who had an affair with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her. [3] Han Chinese gradually came into contact with Taiwan starting in the late 13th century and started settling there by the early 17th century. The uprising was crushed by 2,0003,000 Japanese troops and aboriginal auxiliaries with the help of poison gas. Churchill called the Cairo Declaration outdated in 1955. [citation needed] Although this left some large landowners impoverished, others turned their compensation into capital and started commercial and industrial enterprises. The armed conflict ended in December when the Seediq leaders committed suicide. In 1662, following a nine-month siege, Koxinga captured the Dutch fortress Zeelandia and Taiwan became his base (see Kingdom of Tungning). [54], On 23 November 1629, an expedition set out and burned most of Baccluan, killing many of its people, who the Dutch believed harbored proponents of the previous massacre. [172], Girls were preferred since a boy left the family upon marriage. Liu's efforts to increase revenues sugar, camphor, and imports were mixed due to foreign pressure to reduce levies. In 1643, a pirate named Kinwang began attacking aboriginal villages. Some were incentivized by the attractive salary, which was double what they could earn in Taiwan. [29][30] The pirate Yan Siqi also used Taiwan as a base. [100], Dutch ships continued to come into conflict with Zheng forces in the 17th century and in 1663, the Dutch officially became allies of the Qing dynasty against the Zheng forces. In 1664, Shi assembled a fleet of 240 ships, and in conjunction with 16,500 troops, chased remaining Zheng forces south. He planned to organize a rebellion against the Japanese with 500 fighters, resulting in the execution of more than 1,000 Taiwanese by Japanese police. They were visited by a prince named Huapo who believed Benyovszky was prophesied to free them from the "Chinese yoke. [50][32] When they returned to Taiwan's southwestern coast in 1596, some of the crew members who had been shipwrecked in 1582 noticed that the land had been cultivated and now had people working it, presumably by settlers from Fujian. Japan won the conflict handily. These groups were originally created to represent mainland China constituencies. The Kuomintang (KMT) won 38 seats. A telegraph line from Tainan to Tamsui was constructed in 1886-88 and a railway connecting Keelung, Taipei, and Hsinchu was built. [404], In March and April 2014, students protesting against undemocratic methods used by the KMT occupied the parliament building. . Aborigines were classified into two general categories: acculturated aborigines (shufan) and non-acculturated aborigines (shengfan). Suetsugu Heiz Masanao housed the Sinkanders in Nagasaki. The Zheng side also suffered heavy losses, making Liu reluctant to pursue the disarrayed Qing forces. Two ships were pushed towards Taiwan. On 22 October 1633, the Zheng forces lured the Dutch fleet and their pirate allies into an ambush and defeated them. They said that Dashi (bodhisattva) would heal them by putting medicine in the water. One of them landed on Taiwan's western coast and made it back home with the help of Qing officials. In 1848, a Taiwan circuit intendant recommended letting Shuishalian aborigines lease their land to settlers. [131] Aside from agricultural development, Zheng advised commoners to replace their grass huts with houses made of wood and baked tiles. In the presidential election in May 2008, KMT candidate Ma Ying-jeou ran on a platform supporting friendlier relations with mainland China and economic reforms, and defeated DPP candidate Frank Hsieh with 58.48% of the vote. Even during periods of legal migration, many more individuals chose to hire illegal ferry service rather than to deal with official procedures. Has Taiwan Always Been Part of China? - The Diplomat There were barbarian lords and chiefs that were respected by the people and they had a bone-and-flesh relationship between father and son. Permit required to enter Taiwan. [90], The Taiwanese trade slowed and for several months in late 1655 and early 1656 not a single Chinese vessel arrived in Tayouan. The Japanese lost seven with 30 injured. Boundaries were built to keep the mountain aborigines out of settlement areas. From 1995 To 2006, the foundation approved compensation in 2,264 cases, including 680 cases wherein the victim died in the massacre, 179 case wherein the victim was unaccounted for, and 1,405 other cases (including victims who suffered from imprisonment, injuries or damage to reputation). The Dutch did not feel threatened because most of the rebels were agriculturalists while the rich Chinese had sided with the Dutch and warned them of the rebellion. According to oral tradition, at least 5,000-6,000 people died in this incident. [375] Still, the notion that a possessor may annex a conquered territory despite the peace treaty not stipulating so, was a means of territorial transfer recognized by classical international law, and its legality in recent years is either not recognized or disputed. After the fall of Taipei on 7 June, local militia and partisan bands continued the resistance. It was rejected. In the 1910s, primary schools conducted trips to Japan to nurture their Japanese identity and to prevent Taiwanization. Two shots were fired, with one bullet grazing the President's belly after penetrating the windshield of a jeep and several layers of clothing and the other bullet penetrated the windshield and hitting the vice president's knee cast. The Dutch continued to attack Zheng ships from time to time, disrupting trade, and occupied Keelung until 1668, but they were unable to take back the island. [344] Loss of major industrial facilities is estimated at $506 million, or 42 percent of fixed manufacturing assets. He mentioned the presence of Chuhou pottery from present day Lishui, Zhejiang, suggesting that Chinese merchants had already visited the island by the 1340s. Named Formosa by Portuguese explorers, the south of the island was colonized by the Dutch in the 17th century whilst the Spanish built a settlement in the north which lasted until 1642. Local officials repeatedly advocated for the colonization of aboriginal territories, especially in the cases of Gamalan and Shuishalian. He said, "I had striven hard to be a loyal subject of the emperor, and today I discovered something that I remembered my grandfather telling methat I was a Chinese. Han Chinese and shufan were both treated as natives of Taiwan by the Japanese. By 1939, industrial production had exceeded agricultural production in Taiwan. In the spring, 300 Chinese laborers arrived. [166] Their primary concern was the defeat of the rebels which had already been accomplished. [174], Their houses were four or five feet high with no partitions between front and back. [95] An assault on the fort failed and many of Zheng's best soldiers died, after which Zheng decided to starve out the defenders. In the parliamentary election President Tsai's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won majority 61 out of 113 seats. [383] During the immediate postwar period, the Kuomintang (KMT) administration on Taiwan was repressive and extremely corrupt compared with the previous Japanese rule, leading to local discontent. [400], On the same day President Chen left office, losing presidential immunity, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office announced that they were launching an inquiry into corruption charges regarding Chen. Nuyts avoided the ambush since he left the evening prior. Some believed that the blockade was almost directed at the British. The weather was hotter than Liuqiu. The average lifespan for a Taiwanese resident would become 60 years by 1945. [26], During the Yuan dynasty (12711368), Han Chinese people started visiting Taiwan. "[138] In later negotiations with the Qing, Zheng Jing described himself as the ruler of the Kingdom of Dongning. Illegal crossing policed. The idea of an island as a part of China was unfathomable prior to the Qing frontier expansion effort of the 17th century.[168]. Taiwan was used as a launchpad for the invasion of Guangdong in late 1938 and for the occupation of Hainan in February 1939. The men cut their hair while the women did not. [105], The Taiwanese Aboriginal tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia and defected to Koxinga's Chinese forces.